§44.
4.
Ὁ δὲ ἐγκέφαλός ἐστι μητρόπολις τοῦ ψυχροῦ καὶ τοῦ κολλώδεος, τὸ δὲ θερμὸν τοῦ λιπαροῦ μητρόπολις·
The brain is the mother-city of the cold and the glutinous, and heat is the mother-city of the fatty; for when heated, the first of all things to dissolve becomes fatty.
θερμαινόμενον γὰρ, τὸ πρῶτον πάντων διαχεόμενον λιπαρὸν γίνεται, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐγκέφαλος ὅτι ὀλίγιστον ἔχει τοῦ λιπαροῦ, τοῦ δὲ κολλώδεος πλεῖστον, οὐ δύναται ἐκκαυθῆναι ὑπὸ τοῦ θερμοῦ, ἀλλ’ ἐν τῷ χρόνῳ χιτῶνα μήνιγγα παχείην ἔλαβε·
And for this reason, since the brain has the least of the fatty and the most of the glutinous, it cannot be burnt out by the heat, but in time it acquired a thick membrane.
περὶ δὲ τὴν μήνιγγα ὀστέα ὁκόσον τὸ θερμὸν ἐκράτησε, καὶ ἐν ὅσοισι τοῦ λιπαροῦ ἐνῆν.
Around the membrane bones were produced, in so far as the heat prevailed, and in those parts where the fatty was present.
Καὶ ὁ μυελὸς ὁ καλεόμενος νωτιαῖος καθήκει ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου· καὶ οὐκ ἐστὶν ἐν αὐτῷ τοῦ λιπαροῦ ἢ τοῦ κολλώδεος πουλὺ, ὥσπερ καὶ τῷ ἐγκεφάλῳ·
And the marrow called spinal descends from the brain; and there is not much of the fatty or the glutinous in it, just as in the brain.
διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ ἂν δικαίως καὶ αὐτῷ εἴη μυελὸς οὔνομα·
For this reason, it would not be right for it also to have the name "marrow"; for it is not like the other marrow, such as is inside the other bones.
οὐ γὰρ ὅμοιος τῷ ἄλλῳ μυελῷ, ὡς ἐν τοῖσιν ἄλλοισιν ὀστοῖσιν ἔνι μοῦνος γὰρ μήνιγγας ἔχει, ὁ δὲ ἄλλος οὐκ ἔχει.
For it alone has membranes, whereas the other does not.
Τεκμήρια δὲ τουτέων σαφέα, εἴ τις ἐθέλοι ὀπτᾷν νευρώδεά τε καὶ κολλώδεα, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα δέ· τὰ μὲν ἄλλα ταχὺ ὀπτᾶται, τὰ δὲ νευρώδεά τε καὶ κολλώδεα οὐκ ἐθέλει ὀπτᾶσθαι ἐλάχιστον γὰρ ἔχει τοῦ λιπαροῦ· τὸ δὲ πιότατον καὶ λιπαρὸν τάχιστα δπτᾶται.
Clear proofs of these things are available, if one should wish to roast sinewy and glutinous things, and the others too; the others are roasted quickly, but the sinewy and glutinous things do not wish to be roasted; for they have the least of the fatty; but the fattest and greasiest is roasted most quickly.
§55.
5.
Τὰ δὲ σπλάγχνα ὧδέ μοι δοκέει ξυστῆναι·
It seems to me that the internal organs were formed in this way.
περὶ μὲν οὖν τῶν φλεβῶν εἴρηταί μοι πρότερον ἡ δὲ καρδίη πουλὺ τοῦ κολλώδεος καὶ τοῦ ψυχροῦ ἔχει·
Now, concerning the vessels, it has been spoken of by me before.
καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ θερμοῦ θερμαινόμενον, κρέας ἐγένετο σκληρὸν καὶ γλίσχρον, καὶ μήνιγξ περὶ αὐτὴν, καὶ ἐκοιλώθη οὐχ ὥσπερ φλέβες, καί ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῇς κεφαλῆς τῆς φλεβὸς τῆς κοιλοτάτης.
But the heart has much of the glutinous and the cold; and being heated by the heat, it became hard and sticky flesh, and a membrane was formed around it, and it became hollow, not like the vessels, and it is at the head of the hollowest vessel.
Δύο γάρ εἰσι κοῖλαι φλέβες ἀπὸ τῆς καρδίης· τῇ μὲν οὔνομα ἀρτηρίη· τῇ δὲ κοίλη φλὲψ, πρὸς ᾗ ἡ καρδίη ἐστίν·
For there are two hollow vessels from the heart; to one the name is artery, and to the other the hollow vessel, next to which the heart is.
καὶ πλεῖστον ἔχει τοῦ θερμοῦ ἡ καρδίη, ᾗ ἡ κοίλη φλέψ, καὶ ταμιεύει τὸ πνεῦμα.
And the heart has the most of the heat where the hollow vessel is, and it treasures the breath.
Πρὸς δὲ τούτοιν τοῖν φλεβοῖν ἄλλαι κατὰ τὸ σῶμα ἡ δὲ κοιλοτάτη φλὲψ, πρὸς ᾗ ἡ καρδίη, διὰ τῆς κοιλίης ἁπάσης διήκει καὶ διὰ τῶν φρενῶν, καὶ σχίζεται ἐς ἑκάτερον τῶν νεφρῶν· καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ ὀτφυὶ σχίζεται, καὶ ἀΐσσει ἐπί τε τὰ ἄλλα καὶ ἐς ἑκάτερον σκέλος, ἀτὰρ καὶ ἄνωθεν τῆς καρδίης πρὸς τῷ αὐχένι, τὰ μὲν ἐπὶ δεξιὰ, τὰ δ’ ἐπ’ ἀριστερά· καὶ τότε ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν ἄγει καὶ ἐν τοῖς κροτάφοισι σχίζεται ἑκατέρη.
Connected to these two vessels are the others throughout the body. The hollowest vessel, next to which the heart is, extends through the entire abdomen and through the diaphragm, and splits into each of the kidneys; and it splits at the loins, and rushes to the other parts and to each leg, and also from above the heart to the neck, on the right and on the left; and then it leads to the head, and splits in each temple.
Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἀριθμῷ εἰπεῖν τὰς φλέβας τὰς μεγίστας· ἐνὶ δὲ λόγῳ ἀπὸ τῆς κοίλης φλεβος καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρτηρίης αἱ ἄλλαι φλέβες ἐσχισμέναι εἰσι κατὰ πᾶν τὸ σῶμα· κοιλόταται δὲ αἱ πρὸς τῇ καρδιῃ καὶ τῷ αὐχένι καὶ ἐν τῇ κεφαλῇ καὶ κάτωθεν τῆς καρδίης μέχρι τῶν ἰσχίων.
It is also possible to state the greatest vessels by number; in a word, the other vessels are split off from the hollow vessel and from the artery throughout the whole body; and the hollowest are those near the heart, at the neck, in the head, and below the heart down to the hips.
§66.
6.
Καὶ τὸ θερμὸν πλεῖστον ἔνι τῇσι φλεψὶ καὶ τῇ καρδίῃ, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πνεῦμα ἡ καρδίη ἔχει θερμὴ ἐοῦσα μάλιστα τῶν ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ.
And the heat is greatest in the vessels and the heart, and for this reason the heart, being the warmest of the things in man, has breath.
Ῥηΐδιον δὲ τοῦτο καταμαθεῖν, ὅτι τρέφον ἐστὶ τὸ πνεῦμα· ἡ καρδίη καὶ αἱ κοῖλαι φλέβες κινέονται αἰεὶ, καὶ τὸ θερμότατον πλεῖστον ἐν τῇσι φλεψίν· καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πνεῦμα ἡ καρδίη ἕλκει θερμὴ ἐοῦσα μάλιστα τῶν ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ.
And it is easy to understand this, that the breath is nourishing; the heart and the hollow vessels are always in motion, and the warmest thing is most abundant in the vessels; and for this reason the heart, being the warmest of the things in man, draws in breath.
Ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἄλλως γνῶναι· πῦρ εἴ τις θέλει καίειν ἐν οἰκήματι ὁκόταν ἄνεμος μὴ εἰσπνέῃ, φλὸξ κινέεται τοτὲ μὲν μᾶλλον, τοτὲ δὲ ἧσσον· καὶ λυχνὸς καιόμενος τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον κινέεται, τοτὲ μὲν μᾶλλον, τοτὲ δὲ ἧσσον, ἀνέμου οὐδενὸς κινέοντος, ὅν τινα καὶ ἡμεῖς οἷοί τέ ἐσμεν γινώσκειν πνέοντα· καὶ τροφή ἐστι τῷ θερμῷ τὸ ψυχρόν.
It is also possible to know it in another way; if one wishes to burn a fire in a room when no wind blows in, the flame moves sometimes more, sometimes less; and a burning lamp moves in the same way, sometimes more, sometimes less, when no wind is moving it such as we ourselves are able to perceive blowing; and the cold is nourishment for the heat.
Τὸ δὲ παιδίον ἐν τῇ γαστρὶ συνέχον τὰ χείλεα μύζει ἐκ τῶν μητρέων τῆς μητρὸς καὶ ἕλκει τήν τε τροφὴν καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα τῇ καρδίῃ εἴσω· τοῦτο γὰρ θερμότατόν ἐστιν ἐν τῷ παιδίῳ, ὅταν περ ἡ μήτηρ ἀναπνέῃ· τούτῳ δὲ καὶ τῷ ἄλλῳ σώματι τὴν κίνησιν παρέχει τὸ θερμὸν καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις πᾶσιν.
And the child in the womb, keeping its lips closed, sucks from the uterus of the mother and draws both nourishment and breath inward with its heart; for this is the warmest thing in the child, whenever the mother breathes; and the heat provides motion to this and to the rest of the body, and to all other things.
Εἰ δέ τις ἐρωτοίη πῶς τοῦτο οἶδέ τις, ὅτι ἐν τῇ μήτρῃ τὸ παιδίον ἕλκει καὶ μύζει, τάδε αὐτῷ ἔστιν ἀποκρίνασθαι· κόπρον ἔχον ἐν τοῖσιν ἐντέροισι γίνεται, καὶ ἀποπατέει ἐπειδὰν γένηται τάχιστα, καὶ οἱ ἄνθρωποι καὶ τὰ πρόβατα· καίτοι οὐκ ἂν εἶχε κόπρον, εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇσι μήτρῃσιν ἔμυζεν, οὐδ’ ἂν θηλάζειν τὸν μασθὸν ἠπίστατο γεννώμενον αὐτίκα, εἰ μὴ καὶ ἐν τῇ μήτρῃ ἔμυζε.
And if anyone should ask how one knows this, that the child in the womb draws in and sucks, one can answer him as follows: it is born having dung in its intestines, and voids it as soon as it is born, both humans and sheep; yet it would not have had dung if it did not suck in the uterus, nor would it know how to suck the breast immediately upon being born, if it did not also suck in the uterus.
Καὶ περὶ μὲν τῆς κινήσιος τῆς καρδίης καὶ τῶν φλεβῶν οὕτως ἔχει.
And concerning the movement of the heart and the vessels, it is so.