§1## ΠΕΡΙ ΣΑΡΚΩΝ.
1.
## ON FLESHES 1.
Ἐγὼ τὰ μέχρι τοῦ λόγου τούτου κοινῇσι γνώμῃσι χρέομαι ἑτέρων τε τῶν ἔμπροσθεν, ἀτὰρ καὶ ἐμεωυτοῦ· ἀναγκαίως γὰρ ἔχει κοινὴν ἀρχὴν ὑποθέσθαι τῇσι γνώμῃσι βουλόμενον ξυνθεῖναι τὸν λόγον τόνδε περὶ τῆς τέχνης τῆς ἰητρικῆς.
Up to this point in my discourse, I employ the opinions of others who came before me, and also of myself, in common; for it is necessary for one who wishes to compile this discourse on the medical art to assume a common starting point for these opinions.
Περὶ δὲ τῶν μετεώρων οὐδὲ δέομαι λέγειν, ἢν μὴ τοσοῦτον ἐς ἄνθρωπον ἀποδείξω καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ζῶα, ὁκόσα ἔφυ καὶ ἐγένετο, καὶ ὅ τι ψυχή ἐστιν, καὶ ὅ τι τὸ ὑγιαίνειν, καὶ ὅ τι τὸ κάμνειν, καὶ ὅ τι τὸ ἐν ἀνθρώπῳ κακὸν καὶ ἀγαθὸν, καὶ ὅθεν ἀποθνήσκει.
Concerning things in the heavens, I have no need to speak, unless in so far as I shall demonstrate in relation to man and other animals how they grew and came to be, and what the soul is, and what health is, and what disease is, and what is bad and good in man, and from what he dies.
Νῦν δὲ ἀποφαίνομαι αὐτὸς ἐμεωυτοῦ γνώμας.
But now I set forth my own opinions.
§22.
2.
Δοκέει δέ μοι ὃ καλέομεν θερμὸν, ἀθάνατόν τε εἶναι καὶ νοέειν πάντα καὶ ὁρῇν καὶ ἀκούειν καὶ εἰδέναι πάντα ἐόντα τε καὶ ἐσόμενα·
It seems to me that what we call heat is immortal, and perceives everything, and sees, hears, and knows all things, both those that are and those that will be.
τοῦτο οὖν τὸ πλεῖστον, ὅτε ἐταράχθη πάντα, ἐξεχώρησεν εἰς τὴν ἀνωτάτω περιφορήν· καὶ ὀνομῆναί μοι αὐτὸ δοκέουσιν οἱ παλαιοὶ αἰθέρα.
This, then, the greatest part of it, when all things were thrown into confusion, withdrew to the uppermost revolution; and the ancients seem to me to have named it aether.
Ἡ δευτέρα μοῖρα κάτωθεν, αὐτὴ καλέεται μὲν γῆ, ψυχρὸν καὶ ξηρὸν καὶ πουλὺ κινοῦν· καὶ ἐν τουτέῳ ἔνι δὴ πουλὺ τοῦ θερμοῦ.
The second portion, from below, is itself called earth, cold and dry and moving much; and in this indeed there is much of the heat.
Ἡ δὲ τρίτη μοῖρα ἡ τοῦ ἠέρος μέσον χωρίον εἴληφε θερμόν τι ἂν καὶ ὑγρόν.
The third portion, that of the air, has occupied the middle place, being somewhat warm and moist.
Ἡ δὲ τετάρτη ἡ τοῦ ἐγγυτάτω πρὸς τῇ γῇ ὑγρότατόν τε καὶ παχύτατον.
The fourth portion, that which is nearest to the earth, is the wettest and thickest.
§33.
3.
Κυκλεομένων δὲ τουτέων, ὅτε συνεταράχθη, ἀπελείφθη τοῦ θερμοῦ πουλὺ ἐν τῇ γῇ ἄλλοθι καὶ ἄλλοθι, τὰ μὲν μεγάλα, τὰ δὲ ἐλάσσω, τὰ δὲ καὶ πάνυ σμικρὰ, πλῆθος πολλά.
As these revolved, when they were thrown into confusion, much of the heat was left behind in the earth in various places, some large, some smaller, and some indeed very small, in great number.
Καὶ τῷ χρόνῳ ὑπὸ τοῦ θερμοῦ ξηραινομένης τῆς γῆς, ταῦτα καταληφθέντα περὶ αὐτὰ σηπεδόνας ποιέει οἷόν περ χιτῶνας.
And in time, as the earth was dried by the heat, these being enclosed produced around themselves putrefactions like coats.
Καὶ πολλῷ χρόνῳ θερμαινόμενον, ὁκόσον μὲν ἐτύγχανεν ἐκ τῆς γαίης σηπεδόνες λιπαρόν τε ἐὸν καὶ ὀλίγιστον τοῦ ὑγροῦ ἔχον, τάχιστα ἐξεκαύθη καὶ ἐγένετο ὀστέα.
And when heated for a long time, whatever part of the putrefactions from the earth happened to be fatty and to have the least of the moist, was very quickly burnt out and became bones.
Ὁκόσα δὲ ἐτύγχανε κολλωδέστερα ἐόντα καὶ τοῦ ψυχροῦ μετέχοντα, ταῦτα δὲ θερμαινόμενα οὐκ ἠδύνατο ἐκκαυθῆναι, οὐδὲ μὴν τοῦ ὑγροῦ γενέσθαι· διὰ τοῦτο εἰδέην ἀλλοιοτέρην ἔλαβε τῶν ἄλλων καὶ ἐγένετο νεῦρα στερεά· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐνῆν πολὺ τοῦ ψυχροῦ αὐτῷ.
But whatever parts happened to be more glutinous and to share in the cold, these, being heated, could not be burnt out, nor indeed could they become moist; therefore they took on an appearance different from the others and became solid sinews; for there was not much of the cold in them.
Αἱ δὲ φλέβες τοῦ ψυχροῦ εἶχον πουλύ· καὶ τούτου τοῦ ψυχροῦ τὸ μὲν πέριξ ὅσον κολλωδέστατον ἦν, ὑπὸ τοῦ θερμοῦ ἐξοπτηθὲν, μήνιγξ ἐγένετο, τὸ δὲ ψυχρὸν ἐὸν κρατηθὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ θερμοῦ διελύθη καὶ ἐγένετο ὑγρὸν διὰ τοῦτο.
But the vessels contained much of the cold; and of this cold, the outermost part, as much as was most glutinous, being baked by the heat, became a membrane; but that which was cold, being overcome by the heat, dissolved and therefore became fluid.
Κατὰ δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον καὶ ἡ φάρυγξ καὶ ὁ στόμαχος καὶ ἡ γαστὴρ καὶ τὰ ἔντερα ἐς τὸν ἀρχὸν κοῖλα ἐγένοντο· τοῦ γὰρ ψυχροῦ αἰεὶ θερμαινομένου τὸ μὲν πέριξ ἐξωπτήθη ὅσον αὐτὸ κολλῶδες ἦν, καὶ ἐγένετο χιτὼν ὁ περὶ αὐτὸν μήνιγξ, τὸ δὲ ἐντὸς τοῦ ψυχροῦ, οὐ γὰρ ἔην ἐν αὐτῷ οὔτε λιπαρὸν οὔτε κολλῶδες πουλὺ, διετάκη καὶ ἐγένετο ὑγρόν.
By the same principle, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, and the intestines down to the anus became hollow; for as the cold was constantly heated, the outermost part of it, as much as was itself glutinous, was baked and became a membrane around it, while the inside of the cold, since there was neither fatty nor much glutinous matter in it, melted and became fluid.
Κατὰ δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον καὶ ἡ κύστις, πουλὺ ψυχρὸν ἀπολειφθὲν, τὸ πέριξ αὐτοῦ ὑπὸ τοῦ θερμοῦ θερμαινόμενον διελύθη καὶ ἐγένετο ὑγρόν· οὐ γὰρ ἔην ἐν αὐτῷ οὔτε τοῦ λιπαροῦ οὔτε τοῦ κολλώδεος· ὅσον δὲ περιῆν χιτὼν ἐγένετο.
By the same principle, the bladder too, since much cold was left behind, was dissolved as its outer part was heated by the heat and became fluid; for there was in it neither fatty nor glutinous matter; but as much as remained around it became a membrane.
Ἀτὰρ καὶ περὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὅσα κοῖλα, τὸν αὐτὸν ἔχει τρόπον· ὅκου μὲν ἦν τοῦ κολλώδεος πλέον ἢ τοῦ λιπαροῦ, χιτὼν μήνιγξ ἐγένετο· ὅκου δὲ τοῦ λιπαροῦ πλέον ἢ τοῦ κολλώδεος, ὀστέα ἐγένετο.
Moreover, concerning all other things that are hollow, it is the same way; where there was more of the glutinous than the fatty, a membrane was produced; but where there was more of the fatty than the glutinous, bones were produced.
Ωὐτὸς δὲ λόγος καὶ τῶν ὀστέων· ὅκου μὲν μὴ ἐνῆν τοῦ κολλώδεος, τοῦ δὲ λιπαροῦ καὶ τοῦ ψυχροῦ, ἐξεκαίετο θᾶσσον διὰ τὸ λιπαρὸν, καὶ ταῦτα τῶν ὀστέων καὶ σκληρότατα καὶ στριφνότατα· ὅκου δὲ λιπαρὸν καὶ κολλῶδες παραπλήσια, ταῦτα δὲ τῶν ὀστέων σηραγγώδεα.
It is the same principle for the bones themselves; where there was no glutinous matter, but only fatty and cold, it was burnt out more quickly on account of the fatty matter, and these of the bones are both the hardest and the densest; but where fatty and glutinous were equal, these bones became porous.
Περὶ μὲν τουτέων οὕτως· τὸ μὲν ψυχρὸν πήγνυσιν· τὸ δὲ θερμὸν διαχέει, ἐν δὲ τῷ πολλῷ καὶ ξηραίνει χρόνῳ· ὅκου δὲ ἂν τοῦ λιπαροῦ ξυνίῃ τι, τουτέοισι θᾶσσον ἐκκαίει καὶ ξηραίνει· ὅκου δὲ ἂν τὸ κολλῶδες ξυνίῃ τῷ ψυχρῷ ἄνευ τοῦ λιπαροῦ, οὐκ ἐθέλει ἐκκαίεσθαι, ἀλλὰ τῷ χρόνῳ θερμαινόμενον πήγνυται.
Concerning these things, then, it is so; the cold congeals, and the heat dissolves, and in a long time dries; and wherever any fatty matter is joined, there it burns out and dries more quickly; but wherever the glutinous is joined with the cold without the fatty, it does not wish to be burnt out, but being heated in time, it congeals.