§75ΦΑΙΔ. ἀναγκαῖον ἄρα ἡμᾶς προειδέναι τὸ ἴσον πρὸ ἐκείνου τοῦ χρόνου ὅτε τὸ πρῶτον ἰδόντες τὰ ἴσα ἐνενοήσαμεν ὅτι ὀρέγεται μὲν πάντα ταῦτα εἶναι οἷον τὸ ἴσον, ἔχει δὲ ἐνδεεστέρως. ἔστι ταῦτα. ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ τόδε ὁμολογοῦμεν, μὴ ἄλλοθεν αὐτὸ ἐννενοηκέναι μηδὲ δυνατὸν εἶναι ἐννοῆσαι ἀλλ’ ἢ ἐκ τοῦ ἰδεῖν ἢ ἅψασθαι ἢ ἔκ τινος ἄλλης τῶν αἰσθήσεων· ταὐτὸν δὲ πάντα ταῦτα λέγω. ταὐτὸν γὰρ ἔστιν, ὦ Σώκρατες, πρός γε ὃ βούλεται δηλῶσαι ὁ λόγος. ἀλλὰ μὲν δὴ ἔκ γε τῶν αἰσθήσεων δεῖ ἐννοῆσαι ὅτι πάντα τὰ ἐν ταῖς αἰσθήσεσιν ἐκείνου τε ὀρέγεται τοῦ ὃ ἔστιν ἴσον, καὶ αὐτοῦ ἐνδεέστερά ἐστιν· ἢ πῶς λέγομεν; οὕτως. πρὸ τοῦ ἄρα ἄρξασθαι ἡμᾶς ὁρᾶν καὶ ἀκούειν καὶ τἆλλα αἰσθάνεσθαι τυχεῖν ἔδει που εἰληφότας ἐπιστήμην αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἴσου ὅτι ἔστιν, εἰ ἐμέλλομεν τὰ ἐκ τῶν αἰσθήσεων ἴσα ἐκεῖσε ἀνοίσειν, ὅτι προθυμεῖται μὲν πάντα τοιαῦτ’ εἶναι οἷον ἐκεῖνο, ἔστιν δὲ αὐτοῦ φαυλότερα. ἀνάγκη ἐκ τῶν προειρημένων, ὦ Σώκρατες. οὐκοῦν γενόμενοι εὐθὺς ἑωρῶμέν τε καὶ ἠκούομεν καὶ τὰς ἄλλας αἰσθήσεις εἴχομεν; πάνυ γε. ἔδει δέ γε, φαμέν, πρὸ τούτων τὴν τοῦ ἴσου ἐπιστήμην εἰληφέναι; ναί. πρὶν γενέσθαι ἄρα, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἀνάγκη ἡμῖν αὐτὴν εἰληφέναι. ἔοικεν. οὐκοῦν εἰ μὲν λαβόντες αὐτὴν πρὸ τοῦ γενέσθαι ἔχοντες ἐγενόμεθα, ἠπιστάμεθα καὶ πρὶν γενέσθαι καὶ εὐθὺς γενόμενοι οὐ μόνον τὸ ἴσον καὶ τὸ μεῖζον καὶ τὸ ἔλαττον ἀλλὰ καὶ σύμπαντα τὰ τοιαῦτα;
Phaedo: "Then it is necessary that we have known the equal beforehand, prior to that time when we first, on seeing the equal things, thought that all these want to be like the equal, but fall short." "That is so." "But yet we also agree on this, that we have not thought of it, nor is it possible to think of it, from anywhere else than from seeing or touching or from some other of the senses; and I say all these are the same." "For they are the same, Socrates, at least for what the argument wishes to show." "But indeed, from the senses we must think that all the things in the senses both strive for that which is the equal itself, and fall short of it; or how do we say it?" "Thus." "Before we began to see and hear and perceive other things, then, we must have happened to have acquired knowledge of the equal itself—what it is—if we were going to refer the equal things from the senses to that place, thinking that all such things strive to be like it, but are inferior to it." "It is necessary from what has been said, Socrates." "Did we not then, as soon as we were born, see and hear and have the other senses?" "Certainly." "But we say, do we not, that before these we must have acquired the knowledge of the equal?" "Yes." "Before we were born, then, as it seems, it is necessary that we had acquired it." "It seems so." "If, then, having acquired it before birth, we were born possessing it, did we know both before we were born and as soon as we were born not only the equal and the greater and the smaller, but also all such things?
οὐ γὰρ περὶ τοῦ ἴσου νῦν ὁ λόγος ἡμῖν μᾶλλόν τι ἢ καὶ περὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ καλοῦ καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ καὶ δικαίου καὶ ὁσίου καί, ὅπερ λέγω, περὶ ἁπάντων οἷς ἐπισφραγιζόμεθα τὸ
αὐτὸ ὃ ἔστι
καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἐρωτήσεσιν ἐρωτῶντες καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἀποκρίσεσιν ἀποκρινόμενοι.
For our discussion now is no more about the equal than about the beautiful itself and the good itself and the just and the holy, and, as I say, about all those things on which we set the seal of 'that which is' both in our questioning when we ask and in our answering when we reply.
ὥστε ἀναγκαῖον ἡμῖν τούτων πάντων τὰς ἐπιστήμας πρὸ τοῦ γενέσθαι εἰληφέναι. ἔστι ταῦτα. καὶ εἰ μέν γε λαβόντες ἑκάστοτε μὴ ἐπιλελήσμεθα, εἰδότας ἀεὶ γίγνεσθαι καὶ ἀεὶ διὰ βίου εἰδέναι· τὸ γὰρ εἰδέναι τοῦτ’ ἔστιν, λαβόντα του ἐπιστήμην ἔχειν καὶ μὴ ἀπολωλεκέναι·
So it is necessary that we had acquired the knowledges of all these before we were born." "That is so." "And if, having acquired them, we did not on each occasion forget them, we would always be born knowing and would always know throughout life; for to know is this: having acquired knowledge of something, to possess it and not to have lost it.
ἢ οὐ τοῦτο λήθην λέγομεν, ὦ Σιμμία, ἐπιστήμης ἀποβολήν; πάντως δήπου, ἔφη, ὦ Σώκρατες. εἰ δέ γε οἶμαι λαβόντες πρὶν γενέσθαι γιγνόμενοι ἀπωλέσαμεν, ὕστερον δὲ ταῖς αἰσθήσεσι χρώμενοι περὶ αὐτὰ ἐκείνας ἀναλαμβάνομεν τὰς ἐπιστήμας ἅς ποτε καὶ πρὶν εἴχομεν, ἆρ’ οὐχ ὃ καλοῦμεν μανθάνειν οἰκείαν ἂν ἐπιστήμην ἀναλαμβάνειν εἴη;
Or is this not what we call forgetfulness, Simmias, the loss of knowledge?" "By all means, surely," he said, "Socrates." "But if, I think, having acquired them before birth, we lost them at birth, and later, by using our senses about them, we recover those knowledges which we once held before, would not what we call learning be the recovering of our own knowledge?
τοῦτο δέ που ἀναμιμνῄσκεσθαι λέγοντες ὀρθῶς ἂν λέγοιμεν; πάνυ γε.
And in calling this recollecting, would we surely be speaking correctly?" "Certainly."