§9.3.52arma virumque — multum ille et terris — multa quoque.
"arms and the man" — "much he too on land" — "many things also".
§9.3.53adverbia quoque et pronomina variantur, hic illum vidi iuvenem, — bis senos cui nostra dies, — hic mihi responsum primus dedit ille petenti. sed utrumque horum acervatio est, tantum iuncta aut dissoluta.
Adverbs and pronouns are also varied: "here I saw that youth," — "for whom our twelve days," — "here he first gave that answer to me as I petitioned." But both of these are "heaping up," only joined or dissolved.
§9.3.54omnibus scriptores sua nomina dederunt, sed varia et ut cuique fingenti placuit.
Writers have given their own names to all of them, but varied names and as it pleased each one coining them.
fons quidem unus, quia acriora facit et instantiora quae dicimus et vim quandam prae se ferentia velut saepius erumpentis adfectus.
Indeed, the source is one, because it makes what we say sharper and more urgent, and showing a certain force, like an emotion bursting out repeatedly.
gradatio, quae dicitur κλῖμαξ apertiorem habet artem et magis adfectatam ideoque esse rarior debet.
Gradation, which is called climax, has a more open art and is more affected, and therefore ought to be more rare.
§9.3.55est autem ipsa quoque adiectionis; repetit enim quae dicta sunt et, priusquam ad aliud descendat, in prioribus resistit.
But this itself is also of addition; for it repeats what has been said and, before it descends to another, lingers on the prior ones.
eius exemplum ex Graeco notissimo transferatur: non enim dixi quidem sed non scripsi, nec scripsi quidem sed non obii legationem, nec obii quidem legationem sed non persuasi Thebanis. §9.3.56sint tamen tradita et Latina: Africano virtutem industria, virtus gloriam, gloria aemulos comparavit. et Calvi: non ergo magis pecuniarum repetundarum quam maiestatis, neque maiestatis magis quam Plautiae legis, neque Plautiae legis magis quam ambitus, neque ambitus magis quam omnium legum iudicia perierunt. §9.3.57invenitur apud poetas quoque, ut apud Homerum de sceptro, quod a Iove ad Agamemnonem usque deducit, et apud nostrum etiam tragicum:
"
Iove propagatus est, ut perhibent, Tantalus,
ex Tantalo ortus Pelops, ex Pelope autem satus
Atreus, qui nostrum porro propagat genus. " §9.3.58at quae per detractionem fiunt figurae, brevitatis novitatisque maxime gratiam petunt; quarum una est ea, quam libro proximo in figuras ex συνεκδοχῇ distuli, cum subtractum verbum aliquod satis ex ceteris intelligitur: ut Caelius in Antonium, stupere gaudio Graecus: simul enim auditur coepit.
Let its example be translated from a very famous Greek one: "For I did not indeed speak but did not write, nor did I indeed write but did not go on the embassy, nor did I indeed go on the embassy but did not persuade the Thebans." But let traditional Latin ones also be given: "Industry acquired virtue for Africanus, virtue glory, glory rivals." And that of Calvus: "Therefore, not more did the trials for extortion perish than those for treason, nor those for treason more than those of the Plautian law, nor those of the Plautian law more than those for bribery, nor those for bribery more than those of all the laws." It is found among the poets also, as in Homer concerning the sceptre, which he traces from Jove down to Agamemnon, and also in our tragic poet: "From Jove was Tantalus sprung, as they say, from Tantalus arose Pelops, from Pelops indeed was begotten Atreus, who propagates our race further." On the other hand, those figures which are made by omission seek especially the grace of brevity and novelty; of which one is that which in the last book I deferred to the figures arising from synecdoche, when some omitted verb is sufficiently understood from the rest: as Caelius against Antonius, "the Greek stunned (stupere) with joy"; for at the same time "began" (coepit) is heard.
Cicero ad Brutum: sermo nullus scilicet nisi de te;
Cicero to Brutus: "No conversation of course except about you; for what rather?
quid enim potius? tum Flavius, Cras, inquit, tabellarii, et ego ibidem has inter cenam exaravi. §9.3.59cui similia sunt illa meo quidem iudicio, in quibus verba decenter pudoris gratia subtrahuntur:
"
nouimus et qui te, transversa tuentibus hircis,
sed quo, sed faciles Nymphae risere, sacello. "
Hanc quidam aposiopesin putant, frustra.
Then Flavius, 'Tomorrow,' he said, 'the couriers,' and I in the same place scribbled these during dinner." To which, in my judgment, those are similar in which words are decently omitted for the sake of modesty: "We know both who you, while the goats looked askance, and in what, but the easy Nymphs laughed, chapel." Some think this is aposiopesis, in vain.
§9.3.60nam illa quid taceat incertum est aut certe longiore sermone explicandum, hic unum verbum et manifestum quidem desideratur; quod si aposiopesis est, nihil non, in quo deest aliquid, idem appellabitur.
For in that case, what is kept silent is uncertain, or certainly to be explained with a longer speech, while here one single and indeed manifest word is missing; which if it is aposiopesis, there will be nothing in which something is missing that will not be called the same.
ego ne illud quidem aposiopesin semper voco, §9.3.61in quo res quaecunque relinquitur intelligenda, ut ea quae in epistolis Cicero: data Lupercalibus, quo die Antonius Caesari; non enim obticuit sed lusit, quia nihil aliud intelligi poterat quam hoc, diadema imposuit. §9.3.62altera est per detractionem figura, de qua modo dictum, cui coniunctiones eximuntur.
I do not always call even that aposiopesis, in which any matter whatsoever is left to be understood, as those things which Cicero in his letters: "given on the Lupercalia, on which day Antony to Caesar"; for he did not become silent but played, since nothing else could be understood than this, "placed the diadem." The second figure by omission is that of which I have just spoken, from which conjunctions are removed.
tertia, quae dicitur ἐπεζευγμένον in qua unum ad verbum plures sententiae referuntur, quarum unaquaeque desideraret illud, si sola poneretur.
The third is what is called zeugma, in which several sentences are referred to a single verb, each of which would require it if it were placed alone.
id accidit aut praeposito verbo, ad quod reliqua respiciant: vicit pudorem libido, timorem audacia, rationem amentia; aut illato, quo plura cluduntur: neque enim is es, Catilina, ut te aut pudor unquam a turpitudine aut metus a periculo aut ratio a furore revocaverit. §9.3.63medium quoque potest esse, quod et prioribus et sequentibus sufficiat.
This happens either with the verb placed first, to which the rest look back: "lust conquered shame, boldness fear, madness reason"; or introduced at the end, by which several are closed: "for you are not such a man, Catiline, that either shame ever recalled you from baseness, or fear from danger, or reason from madness." It can also be in the middle, so as to suffice for both the preceding and the following.
iungit autem et diversos sexus, ut cum marem feminamque filios dicimus, et singularia pluralibus miscet.
Moreover, it joins even different genders, as when we call a male and a female "sons," and mixes singulars with plurals.