§9.3.43sed sensus quoque toti, quemadmodum coeperunt, desinunt: venit ex Asia.
But entire sentences also end in the same way as they began: "He came from Asia.
hoc ipsum quam novum! tribunus plebis venit ex Asia. * eadem tamen periodo et verbum primum ultimum refertur, tertium iam sermone, adiectum est enim verumtamen venit.
How new is this very thing! A tribune of the plebs came from Asia." Yet in the same period, even the first word is repeated last, now indeed in the third mention, for "verumtamen venit" has been added.
interim sententia quidem repetitur, sed non eodem verborum ordine: quid Cleomenes facere potuit? non enim possum quemquam insimulare falso.
Sometimes indeed the sense is repeated, but not in the same order of words: "What could Cleomenes do? For I cannot falsely accuse anyone.
quid, inquam, magno opere potuit Cleomenes facere? §9.3.44prioris etiam sententiae verbum ultimum ac sequentis primum frequenter est idem, quo quidem schemate utuntur poetae saepius:
"
Pierides, vos haec facietis maxima Gallo,
Gallo, cuius amor tantum mihi crescit in horas. "
Sed ne oratores quidem raro: hic tamen vivit;
What, I say, could Cleomenes do of any great consequence?" Also, the last word of the preceding sentence and the first of the following are frequently the same, which figure indeed the poets use more often: "Muses, you will make these verses greatest for Gallus, Gallus, for whom my love grows as much hour by hour." But not even orators use it rarely: "Yet this man lives.
vivit? immo vero etiam in senatum venit. §9.3.45aliquando, sicut in geminatione verborum diximus, initia quoque et clausulae sententiarum alis, sed non alio tendentibus verbis inter se consonant.
Lives? Nay, indeed, he even comes into the senate." Sometimes, as we have said in the case of the doubling of words, the beginnings and the conclusions of sentences also harmonize with each other with different words, but words aiming at the same end.
initia hoc modo: dediderim periculis omnibus, obtulerim insidiis, obiecerim invidiae. rursus clausulae ibidem statim, vos enim statuistis, vos sententiam dixistis, vos iudicavistis. hoc alii συνωνυμίαν alii disiunctionem vocant, utrumque, etiamsi est diversum, recte; nam est nominum idem significantium separatio.
Beginnings in this manner: "I would have surrendered myself to all dangers, exposed myself to snares, thrown myself open to envy." Again, the conclusions immediately in the same place: "For you determined, you gave your opinion, you judged." This, some call synonymy, others disjunction; both, even if they are different, are correct; for it is the separation of terms signifying the same thing.
congregantur quoque verba idem significantia. quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti; egredere aliquando ex urbe, patent portae, proficiscere. §9.3.46et in eundem alio libro: abiit, excessit, erupit, evasit. hoc Caecilio πλεονασμός videtur, id est, abundans super necessitatem oratio, sicut illa vidi oculos ante ipse meos. in illo enim vidi inest ipse.
Words signifying the same thing are also gathered together: "Since these things are so, Catiline, proceed whither you began; depart at last from the city; the gates are open; set forth." And against the same man in another book: "He went away, he departed, he broke out, he escaped." This seems to Caecilius to be pleonasm, that is, language redundant beyond necessity, just like that: "I saw before my own eyes myself." For in that "I saw," "myself" is inherent.
verum id, ut alio quoque loco dixi, cum supervacua oneratur adiectione, vitium est, cum auget aut manifestat sententiam sicut hic, virtus.
But that, as I have also said in another place, when it is burdened with superfluous addition, is a vice; when it increases or makes manifest the meaning, as here, it is a virtue.
fidi, ipse, ante oculos, totidem sunt adfectus.
"I saw," "myself," "before my eyes," are just so many feelings.
cur tamen haec proprie nomine tali notarit,
Yet why he should mark these particularly with such a name, I do not see.
§9.3.47non video. nam et geminatio et repetitio et qualiscunque adiectio πλεονασμός videri potest.
For both doubling and repetition and any addition whatsoever can seem to be pleonasm.
nec verba modo, sed sensus quoque idem facientes acervantur: perturbatio istum mentis et quaedam scelerum offusa caligo et ardentes furiarum faces excitarunt. §9.3.48congeruntur et diversa: mulier, tyranni saeva crudelitas, patris amor, ira praeceps, temeritatis dementia. sed apud Ovidium:
"
sed grave Nereidum numen, sed corniger Ammon,
sed quae visceribus veniebat belua ponti
exsaturanda meis. "
Inveni, qui et hoc πλοκήν vocaret: §9.3.49cui non adsentior, cum sit unius figurae, mixta quoque et idem et diversum significantia, quod et ipsum διαλλαγὴν vocant.
Not only words, but also meanings doing the same thing are heaped up: "A disorder of mind, and a certain darkness of crimes poured over him, and the burning torches of the Furies excited him." Different things are also gathered together: "A woman, the cruel savagery of a tyrant, the love of a father, headlong wrath, the madness of rashness." But in Ovid: "But the heavy power of the Nereids, but the horn-bearing Ammon, but the monster of the sea that came to be gorged on my entrails." I have found someone who would call this also ploke: with whom I do not agree, since it is of a single figure, and also things signifying both the same and different are mixed, which they also call diallage.
quaero ab inimicis, sintne haec investigate, comperta, patefacta, sublata, deleta, exstincta per me. investigata, comperta, patefacta aliud ostendunt; sublata, deleta, extincta sunt inter se similia, sed non etiam prioribus.
"I ask of my enemies, whether these things were investigated, discovered, laid open, removed, destroyed, extinguished by me." "Investigated, discovered, laid open" show one thing; "removed, destroyed, extinguished" are similar among themselves, but not also to the former ones.
§9.3.50sed hoc autem exemplum et superius aliam quoque efficiunt figuram, quae, quia coniunctionibus caret, dissolutio vocatur, apta, cum quid instantius dicimus; nam et singula inculcantur et quasi plura fiunt.
But this example and the former one also produce another figure, which, because it lacks conjunctions, is called dissolution, suitable when we say something with greater urgency; for both individual words are driven home and become as it were more numerous.
ideoque utimur hac figura non in singulis modo verbis, sed sententiis etiam, ut Cicero dicit contra contionem Metelli: qui indicabantur, eos vocari, custodiri, ad senatum adduci iussi; in senatum sunt introducti, et totus hic locus talis est.
And therefore we use this figure not only in individual words, but also in sentences, as Cicero says against the speech of Metellus: "Those who were indicated, I ordered them to be summoned, to be guarded, to be brought to the senate; they were introduced into the senate," and this whole passage is of such a kind.
hoc genus et βραχυλογίαν vocant, quae potest esse copulata dissolutio.
This kind they also call brachylogy, which can be a joined dissolution.
contrarium illud est schema, quod coniunctionibus abundat. illud ἀσύνδετον, hoc πολυσύνδετον dicitur.
That contrary figure is the one which abounds in conjunctions; the former is called asyndeton, the latter polysyndeton.
§9.3.51sed hoc est vel iisdem saepius repetitis, ut
"
tectumque laremque
armaque Amyclaeumque canem Cressamque pharetram; "
vel diversis:
But this is either with the same conjunctions repeated more frequently, as "both home and household god and arms and the Amyclaean dog and the Cretan quiver," or with different ones: