§9.3.64sed haec adeo sunt vulgaria, ut sibi artem figurarum adserere non possint.
But these are so common that they cannot claim for themselves the art of figures.
illud plane figura est, qua diversa sermonis forma coniungitur:
"
sociis tunc, arma capessant,
edico, et dira bellum cum genie gerendum. "
Quamvis enim pars bello posterior participio insistat, utrique convenit illud edico.
That is clearly a figure, in which a different form of speech is joined: "Then I order my allies to take up arms, and that war must be waged with this dread race." For although the latter part of the sentence relies on a participle, that 'I order' (edico) fits both.
non utique detractionis gratia factam coniunctionem συνοικείωσιν vocant, quae duas res diversas colligat:
"
tam deest avaro, quod habet, quam quod non habet. "
Huic diversam volunt esse distinctionem, §9.3.65cui dant nomen παραδιαστολήν qua similia discernuntur: cum te pro astuto sapientem appelles, pro confidente, fortem, pro illiberali diligentem.
They call the joining made not indeed for the sake of omission, but which collects two different things, synoikeiosis: "What the miser has is as much lacking to him as what he does not have." To this they wish there to be a different distinction, to which they give the name paradiastole, by which similar things are distinguished: as when you call yourself wise instead of crafty, brave instead of confident, diligent instead of illiberal.
quod totum pendet ex finitione, ideoque an figura sit dubito.
Since this whole matter depends on definition, I doubt whether it is a figure.
cui contraria est ea, qua fit ex vicino transitus ad diversa ut similia: brevis esse laboro, obscurus fio, et quae sequuntur.
Opposite to this is that by which a transition is made from a neighbor to different things as if they were similar: "I labor to be brief, I become obscure," and what follows.
§9.3.66tertium est genus figurarum, quod aut similitudine aliqua vocum aut paribus aut contrariis convertit in se aures et animos excitat.
The third is the class of figures which, either by some similarity of words or by equals or by contraries, turns the ears to itself and excites the minds.
hinc est παρονομασία, quae dicitur adnominatio.
From this comes paronomasia, which is called adnominatio.
ea non uno modo fieri solet: ex vicinia (quadam praedicti nominis ducta casibus declinat, ut Domitius Afer pro Cloatilla, mulier omnium rerum imperita, in omnibus rebus infelix; §9.3.67et cum verbo idem verbum plus significans subiungitur: quando homo hostis, homo. quibus exemplis sum in aliud usus, sed in uno ἔμφασις est geminatio.
This is not accustomed to happen in one way only: drawn from a certain neighborhood of the aforementioned noun, it inflects by cases, as Domitius Afer for Cloatilla, "a woman unskilled in all things, unhappy in all things"; and when to a word the same word is subjoined with more meaning: "when a man is an enemy, he is a man." I have used these examples for another purpose, but in one of them emphasis is gemination.
παρονομασίᾳ contrarium est, quod eodem verbo quasi falsum arguitur: Quae lex privatis hominibus esse lex non uidebatur. §9.3.68cui confinis est ἀντανάκλασις eiusdem verbi contraria significatio.
Opposite to paronomasia is that by which, with the same word, something is as if refuted as false: "Which law did not seem to be a law to private men." Confined to this is antanaklasis, the contrary meaning of the same word.
cum Proculeius> quereretur de filio, quod is mortem suam expectaret, et ille dixisset, se vero non exspectare: Immo, inquit, rogo exspectes. non ex eodem sed ex vicino diversum accipitur, cum supplicio adficiendum dicas, quem supplicatione dignum iudicaris.
When Proculeius complained about his son, that he was waiting for his death, and he had said that he indeed was not waiting: "Nay," he said, "I ask that you wait." A different meaning is taken not from the same word but from a neighboring one, when you say that he who you judged worthy of thanksgiving (supplicatio) should be affected with punishment (supplicium).
§9.3.69aliter quoque voces aut eaedem diversa in significatione ponuntur aut productione tantum vel correptione mutatae; quod etiam in iocis frigidum equidem tradi inter praecepta miror, eorumque exempla vitandi potius quam imitandi gratia pono: §9.3.70amari iucundum est, si curetur, ne quid insist amari. avium dulcedo ad avium ducit; et apud Ovidium ludentem:
"
cur ego non dicam, Furia, te furiam?
"
Cornificius hanc traductionem vocat, §9.3.71videlicet alterius intellectus ad alterum.
In another way also, words either the same are placed in a different meaning, or changed only by lengthening or shortening; which even in jokes I indeed wonder is handed down among precepts, being cold, and I place examples of them for the sake of avoiding rather than imitating: "To be loved (amari) is pleasant, if care is taken lest any bitterness (amari) be in it." "The sweetness of birds (avium) leads to pathless places (avium)"; and in Ovid playing: "Why should I not call you, Furia, a fury?" Cornificius calls this traductio, namely, of one understanding to another.
sed elegantius, quod est positum in distinguenda rei proprietate: hanc rei publicae pestem paulisper reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. sed quae praepositionibus in contrarium mutantur: non emissus ex urbe, sed immissius in urbem esse videatur. melius atque acrius, quod cum figura iucundum est tum etiam sensu valet: Emit morte immortalitatem. §9.3.72illa leviora: Non Pisonum sed pistorum et ex oratore arator. pessimum vero: ne patres conscripti videantur circumscripti; — raro evenit sed vehementer venit. sed contingit, ut aliqui sensus vehemens et acer venustatem aliquam non eadem ex voce non dissona accipiat.
But more elegant is that which is placed in distinguishing the propriety of a thing: "that this pest of the state can be repressed (reprimi) for a little while, not suppressed (comprimi) forever." But those which are changed into the contrary by prepositions: "let him seem not sent out of (emissus) the city, but sent into (immissus) the city." Better and sharper is that which is pleasant with the figure and also strong in sense: "He bought immortality with death." Those are lighter: "Not of the Pisons but of the bakers," and "from an orator a plowman." But the worst indeed: "lest the enrolled fathers (patres conscripti) seem cheated (circumscripti)"; "it happens rarely but it comes (venit) vehemently." But it happens that some vehement and sharp sense receives some grace from a word not the same but not dissonant.
§9.3.73sed cur me prohibeat pudor uti domestico exemplo? pater meus contra eum, qui se legationi immoriturum dixerat, deinde vix paucis diebus insumptis re infecta redierat, non exigo, ut inmoriaris legationi;
But why should shame forbid me to use a domestic example?
immorare. nam et valet sensus ipse et in verbis tantum distantibus iucunde consonat vox, praesertim non captata, sed velut oblata, cum altero suo sit usus, alterum ab adversario acceperit.
My father, against him who had said that he would die on his embassy (immoriturum), and then having spent scarcely a few days had returned with the business unfinished: "I do not demand that you die on the embassy; stay there (immorare)." For both the sense itself is strong and the voice consonates pleasantly in words so different, especially not hunted after, but as if offered, when he used one of his own and received the other from his adversary.