§1414.
14.
Εἰδέναι δὲ χρὴ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ὅτι ἐξ οὐδενὸς ἡμῖν αἱ ἡδοναὶ γίνονται καὶ αἱ εὐφροσύναι καὶ γέλωτες, καὶ παιδιαὶ ἢ ἐντεῦθεν, καὶ λῦπαι καὶ ἀνίαι καὶ δυσφροσύναι καὶ κλαυθμοί.
People ought to know that from nothing else but from here arise our pleasures, joys, laughter, and jests, and also our sorrows, pains, griefs, and tears.
Καὶ τούτῳ φρονεῦμεν μάλιστα καὶ νοεῦμεν καὶ βλέπομεν καὶ ἀκούομεν καὶ γινώσκομεν τά τε αἰσχρὰ καὶ τὰ καλὰ καὶ τὰ κακὰ καὶ ἀγαθὰ καὶ ἡδέα καὶ ἀηδέα, τὰ μὲν νόμῳ διακρίνοντες, τὰ δὲ τῷ ξυμφέροντι αἰσθανόμενοι, τῷ δὲ καὶ τὰς ἡδονὰς καὶ τὰς ἀηδίας τοῖσι καιροῖσι διαγινώσκοντες, καὶ οὐ ταὐτὰ ἀρέσκει ἡμῖν.
And by this we think especially, and understand, and see, and hear, and know the ugly and the beautiful, the bad and the good, the pleasant and the unpleasant, distinguishing some by custom, perceiving others by utility, and by this also distinguishing pleasures and displeasures according to the occasions, and the same things do not please us.
Τῷ δὲ αὐτῷ τούτῳ καὶ μαινόμεθα καὶ παραφρονέομεν, καὶ δείματα καὶ φόβοι παρίστανται ἡμῖν τὰ μὲν νύκτωρ, τὰ δὲ μεθ’ ἡμέρην, καὶ ἐνύπνια καὶ πλάνοι ἄκαιροι, καὶ φροντίδες οὐχ ἱκνεύμεναι, καὶ ἀγνωσίη τῶν καθεστεώτων καὶ ἀηθίη καὶ ἀπειρίη.
And by this same organ we also become mad and delirious, and dreads and fears present themselves to us, some by night and some by day, and dreams, and untimely wanderings, and worries that are inappropriate, and ignorance of present circumstances, and lack of habit, and inexperience.
Καὶ ταῦτα πάσχομεν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου πάντα, ὅταν οὕτος μὴ ὑγιαίνῃ, ἀλλ’ ἢ θερμότερος τῆς φύσιος γένηται ἢ ψυχρότερος ἢ ὑγρότερος ἢ ξηρότερος, ἤ τι ἄλλο πεπόνθῃ πάθος παρὰ τὴν φύσιν ὃ μὴ ἐώθει.
And we suffer all these things from the brain when it is not healthy, but becomes warmer than its nature, or colder, or moister, or drier, or suffers some other unnatural affection to which it was not accustomed.
Καὶ μαινόμεθα μὲν ὑπὸ ὑγρότητος· ὁκόταν γὰρ ὑγρότερος τῆς φύσιος ἔῃ, ἀνάγκη κινέεσθαι, κινευμένου δὲ μήτε τὴν ὄψιν ἀτρεμίζειν μήτε τὴν ἀκοὴν, ἀλλ’ ἄλλοτε ἄλλο ὁρᾷν καὶ ἀκούειν, τήν τε γλῶσσαν τοιαῦτα διαλέγεσθαι οἷα ἂν βλέπῃ τε καὶ ἀκούῃ ἑκάστοτε· ὁκόσον δ’ ἂν ἀτρεμήσῃ ὁ ἐγκέφαλος χρόνον, τοσοῦτον καὶ φρονέει ὁ ἄνθρωπος.
And we become mad through its moisture; for when it is moister than its nature, it must of necessity be set in motion, and when it is in motion, neither sight nor hearing remains still, but they see and hear now one thing and now another, and the tongue speaks such things as a person sees and hears on each occasion; but for as long a time as the brain remains still, so long does a person think.
§1515.
15.
Γίνεται δὲ ἡ διαφθορὴ τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου ὑπὸ φλέγματος καὶ χολῆς· γνώσῃ δὲ ἑκάτερα ὧδε· οἱ μὲν γὰρ ὑπὸ τοῦ φλέγματος μαινόμενοι ἥσυχοί τέ εἰσι καὶ οὐ βοῶσιν οὐδὲ θορυβέουσιν, οἱ δὲ ὑπὸ χολῆς κεκράκται καὶ κακοῦργοι καὶ οὐκ ἀτρεμαῖοι, ἀλλ’ αἰεί τι ἄκαιρον δρῶντες.
The corruption of the brain arises from phlegm and bile; and you will know each of them thus: for those who are mad from phlegm are quiet and do not cry out or make trouble, but those from bile are noisy, mischievous, and never quiet, but always doing something inappropriate.
Ἢν μὲν οὖν ξυνεχέως μαίνωνται, αὗται αὐτοῖς αἱ προφάσιές εἰσίν· ἢν δὲ δείματα καὶ φόβοι παριστῶνται, ὑπὸ μεταστάσιος τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου·
If, then, they are continuously mad, these are their causes; but if dreads and fears present themselves, it is from an alteration of the brain.
μεθίσταται δὲ θερμαινόμενος· θερμαίνεται δὲ ὑπὸ τῆς χολῆς, ὁκόταν ὁρμήσῃ ἐπὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον, κατὰ τὰς φλέβας τὰς αἱματίτιδας ἐκ τοῦ σώματος· καὶ φόβος παρέστηκε μέχρις ἀπέλθῃ πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰς φλέβας καὶ τὸ σῶμα· ἔπειτα πέπαυται.
It is altered by being warmed; and it is warmed by bile, when it rushes to the brain along the blood-vessels from the body; and fear is present until the bile departs again to the veins and the body; then it ceases.
Ἀνιᾶται δὲ καὶ ἀσᾶται παρὰ καιρὸν ψυχομένου τοῦ ἐγκεφάλου καὶ ξυνισταμένου παρὰ τὸ ἔθος· τοῦτο δὲ ὑπὸ φλέγματος πάσχει· ὑπ’ αὐτοῦ δὲ τοῦ πάθεος καὶ ἐπιλήθεται.
But a person is grieved and vexed out of season when the brain is cooled and contracted contrary to custom; and this he suffers from phlegm; and by this very affection he also becomes forgetful.
Ἐκ νυκτῶν δὲ βοᾷ καὶ κέκραγεν, ὁκόταν ἐξαπίνης ὁ ἐγκέφαλος διαθερμαίνηται· τοῦτο δὲ πάσχουσιν οἱ χολώδεες, οἱ φλεγματώδεες δὲ οὔ· διαθερμαίνεται δὲ καὶ ἐπὴν τὸ αἷμα ἐπέλθῃ πουλὺ ἐπὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον καὶ ἐπιζέσῃ.
And by night he cries out and shouts when suddenly the brain is overheated; and this the bilious suffer, but not the phlegmatic; and the brain is also overheated when much blood rushes to it and boils up.
Ἔρχεται δὲ κατὰ τὰς φλέβας πουλὺ τὰς προειρημένας, ὁκόταν τυγχάνῃ ὥνθρωπος ὁρέων ἐνύπνιον φοβερὸν καὶ ἐν τῷ φόβῳ ἔῃ· ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ ἐγρηγορότι τότε μάλιστα τὸ πρόσωπον φλογιᾷ, καὶ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ ἐρεύθονται, ὁκόταν φοβῆται, καὶ ἡ γνώμη ἐπινοέῃ τι κακὸν ἐργάσασθαι, οὕτω καὶ ἐν τῷ ὕπνῳ πάσχει· ὁκόταν δὲ ἐπέγρηται καὶ καταφρονήσῃ καὶ τὸ αἷμα πάλιν ἀποσκεδασθῇ ἐς τὰς φλέβας τὰς προειρημένας, πέπαυται.
And much blood comes along the aforementioned veins when a person happens to see a frightening dream and is in fear; just as, when one is awake, his face flushes and his eyes redden especially when he is afraid and his mind thinks of doing some evil, so he suffers also in sleep; but when he wakes up and recovers his senses, and the blood is again dispersed back into the aforementioned veins, it ceases.
§1616.
16.
Κατὰ ταῦτα νομίζω τὸν ἐγκέφαλον δύναμιν πλείστην ἔχειν ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ·
For these reasons I think that the brain has the greatest power in man.
οὗτος γὰρ ἡμῖν ἐστι τῶν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἠέρος γινομένων ἑρμηνεὺς, ἢν ὑγιαίνων τυγχάνῃ· τὴν δὲ φρόνησιν αὐτῷ ὁ ἀὴρ παρέχεται.
For this is for us the interpreter of the things which come from the air, if it happens to be healthy; and the air provides it with understanding.
Οἱ δὲ ὀφθαλμοὶ καὶ τὰ οὔατα καὶ ἡ γλῶσσα καὶ αἱ χεῖρες καὶ οἱ πόδες οἷα ἂν ὁ ἐγκέφαλος γινώσκῃ, τοιαῦτα πρήσσουσι· γίνεται γὰρ παντὶ τῷ σώματι τῆς φρονήσιος, ὡς ἂν μετέχῃ τοῦ ἠέρος.
And the eyes, the ears, the tongue, the hands, and the feet perform such things as the brain knows; for understanding occurs in the whole body in proportion as it participates in the air.
Ἐς δὲ τὴν ξύνεσιν ὁ ἐγκέφαλός ἐστιν ὁ διαγγέλλων· ὁκόταν γὰρ σπάσῃ τὸ πνεῦμα ὥνθρωπος ἐς ἑωυτὸν, ἐς τὸν ἐγκέφαλον πρῶτον ἀφικνέεται, καὶ οὕτως ἐς τὸ λοιπὸν σῶμα σκίδναται ὁ ἀὴρ, καταλιπὼν ἐν τῷ ἐγκεφάλῳ ἑωυτοῦ τὴν ἀκμὴν καὶ ὅ τι ἂν ἔῃ φρόνιμόν τε καὶ γνώμην ἔχον·
But for comprehension, the brain is that which announces it; for when a person draws breath into himself, it arrives first at the brain, and thus the air is dispersed to the rest of the body, leaving in the brain its own active part and whatever is intelligent and possesses judgment.
εἰ γὰρ ἐς τὸ σῶμα πρῶτον ἀφικνέετο καὶ ὕστερον ἐς τὸν ἐγκέφαλον, ἐν τῇσι σαρξὶ καὶ ἐν τῇσι φλεψὶ καταλελοιπὼς τὴν διάγνωσιν ἐς τὸν ἐγκέφαλον ἂν ἴοι θερμὸς ἐὼν καὶ οὐχὶ ἀκραιφνὴς, ἀλλ’ ἐπιμεμιγμένος τῇ ἰκμάδι τῇ ἀπὸ τῶν σαρκῶν καὶ τοῦ αἵματος, ὥστε μηκέτι εἶναι ἀκριβής.
For if it had arrived first at the body and later at the brain, having left its capacity of discernment in the flesh and the veins, it would go to the brain warm and not pure, but mixed with the moisture from the flesh and the blood, so that it would no longer be accurate.