§1717.
17.
Διὸ φημὶ τὸν ἐγκέφαλον εἶναι τὸν ἑρμηνεύοντα τὴν ξύνεσιν.
Therefore I say that the brain is that which interprets comprehension.
Αἱ δὲ φρένες ἄλλως οὔνομα ἔχουσι τῇ τύχῃ κεκτημένον καὶ τῷ νόμῳ, τῷ δ’ ἐόντι οὒκ, οὐδὲ τῇ φύσει, οὐδὲ οἶδα ἔγωγε τίνα δύναμιν ἔχουσιν αἱ φρένες ὥστε φρονέειν τε καὶ νοέειν, πλὴν εἴ τι ὥνθρωπος ὑπερχαρείη ἐξ ἀδοκήτου ἢ ἀνιηθείη, πηδῶσι καὶ ἄλσιν παρέχουσιν ὑπὸ λεπτότητος καὶ ὅτι ἀνατέτανται μάλιστα ἐν τῷ σώματι, καὶ κοιλίην οὐκ ἔχουσι πρὸς ἣν δέξονται ἢ ἀγαθὸν ἢ κακὸν προσπῖπτον, ἀλλ’ ὑπ’ ἀμφοτέρων τούτων τεθορύβηνται διὰ τὴν ἀσθενείην τῆς φύσιος·
But the phrenes have their name merely acquired by chance and convention, but not in reality nor by nature; nor indeed do I know what power the phrenes have so as to think and understand, except that if a person is unexpectedly overjoyed or grieved, they leap and cause throbbing because of their thinness and because they are stretched especially across the body, and since they have no cavity in which to receive any good or evil that falls upon them, they are thrown into confusion by both of these due to the weakness of their nature.
ἐπεὶ αἰσθάνονταί γε οὐδενὸς πρότερον τῶν ἐν τῷ σώματι ἐόντων, ἀλλὰ μάτην τοῦτο τὸ οὔνομα ἔχουσι καὶ τὴν αἰτίην, ὥσπερ τὰ πρὸς τῇ καρδίῃ ἅπερ ὦτα καλέεται, οὐδὲν ἐς τὴν ἀκοὴν ξυμβαλλόμενα.
For they certainly do not perceive anything before the other parts in the body, but they have this name and imputation in vain, just like the parts near the heart which are called 'ears', though contributing nothing to hearing.
Λέγουσι δέ τινες ὡς φρονέομεν τῇ καρδίῃ καὶ τὸ ἀνιώμενον τοῦτό ἐστι καὶ τὸ φροντίζον· τὸ δὲ οὐχ οὕτως ἔχει, ἀλλὰ σπᾶται μὲν ὥσπερ αἱ φρένες καὶ μᾶλλον διὰ ταύτας τὰς αἰτίας· ἐξ ἅπαντος γὰρ τοῦ σώματος φλέβες ἐς αὐτὴν συντείνουσι, καὶ ξυγκλείσασα ἔχει ὥστε αἰσθάνεσθαι, ἤν τις πόνος ἢ τάσις γίνηται τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ·
And some say that we think with the heart, and that this is the part which is grieved and which worries; but this is not so; rather, it is contracted like the phrenes, and even more so, for these reasons: for from the entire body veins stretch to it, and it keeps them enclosed so as to perceive if any pain or tension occurs in a person.
ἀνάγκη γὰρ καὶ ἀνιώμενον φρίσσειν τὸ σῶμα καὶ συντείνεσθαι, καὶ ὑπερχαίροντα τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο πάσχειν· διότι ἡ καρδίη αἰσθάνεταί τε μάλιστα καὶ αἱ φρένες.
For it is necessary that both when grieved the body shudders and is tensed, and when overjoyed it suffers this same thing; wherefore both the heart and the phrenes perceive especially.
Τῆς μέντοι φρονήσιος οὐδετέρῳ μέτεστιν, ἀλλὰ πάντων τουτέων ὁ ἐγκέφαλος· αἴτιός ἐστιν· ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ τῆς φρονήσιος τοῦ ἠέρος πρῶτος αἰσθάνεται τῶν ἐν τῷ σώματι ἐνεόντων; οὕτω καὶ ἤν τις μεταβολὴ ἰσχυροτέρη γένηται· ἐν τῷ ἠέρι ὑπὸ τῶν ὡρέων, καὶ αὐτὸς ἑωυτοῦ διάφορος γίνηται ὁ ἠὴρ, ὁ ἐγκέφαλος πρῶτος αἰσθάνεται·
However, neither of them has a share in understanding, but the brain is the cause of all these things; just as therefore it is the first of the things in the body to perceive the air that brings understanding, so also if some stronger change occurs in the air due to the seasons, and the air itself becomes different from itself, the brain is the first to perceive it.
διὸ καὶ τὰ νουσήματα ἐς αὐτὸν ἐμπίπτειν φημὶ ὀξύτατα καὶ μέγιστα καὶ θανατωδέστατα καὶ δυσκριτώτατα τοῖσιν ἀπείροισιν.
Wherefore I say also that the diseases which fall upon it are the most acute, the greatest, the most deadly, and the hardest to distinguish for the inexperienced.
§1818.
18.
Αὕτη δὲ ἡ νοῦσος ἡ ἱερὴ καλεομένη ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν προφασίων γίνεται ἀφ’ ὧν καὶ αἱ λοιπαὶ ἀπὸ τῶν προσιόντων καὶ ἀπιόντων, καὶ ψύχεος, ἡλίου, πνευμάτων μεταβαλλομένων τε καὶ μηδέποτε ἀτρεμιζόντων.
And this disease called sacred arises from the same causes as the rest: from things that enter and leave the body, and cold, the sun, and the winds, which change and are never still.
Ταῦτα δ’ ἐστὶ θεῖα, ὥστε μηδὲν διακρίνοντα τὸ νούσημα θειότερον τῶν λοιπῶν νουσημάτων νομίζειν, ἀλλὰ πάντα θεῖα καὶ ἀνθρώπινα πάντα· φύσιν δὲ ἔχει ἕκαστον καὶ δύναμιν ἐφ’ ἑωυτοῦ, καὶ οὐδὲν ἄπορόν ἐστιν οὐδὲ ἀμήχανον· ἀκεστά τε τὰ πλεῖστά ἐστι τοῖς αὐτοῖσι τούτοισιν ἀφ’ ὅτων καὶ γίνεται· ἕτερον γὰρ ἑτέρῳ τροφή ἐστι, τῷ δὲ κάκωσις.
And these things are divine, so that one should not distinguish this disease and consider it more divine than the rest, but all are divine and all are human; and each has a nature and power of its own, and none is impossible to understand or without remedy; and most of them are curable by these very things from which they also arise; for one thing is nourishment to one, and to another, harm.
Τοῦτο οὖν δεῖ τὸν ἰητρὸν ἐπίστασθαι, ὅκως τὸν καιρὸν διαγινώσκων ἑκάστου τῷ μὲν ἀποδώσει τὴν τροφὴν καὶ αὐξήσει, τῷ δὲ ἀφαιρήσει καὶ κακώσει.
This, therefore, the physician must know, so that, distinguishing the proper opportunity for each, he will apply nourishment and increase to one, and take it away and cause diminution to another.
Χρὴ δὲ καὶ ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ νούσῳ καὶ ἐν τῇσιν ἄλλῃσιν ἁπάσῃσι μὴ αὔξειν τὰ νουσήματα, ἀλλὰ σπεύδειν τρύχειν προσφέροντα τῇ νούσῳ τὸ πολεμιώτατον ἑκάστῃ, καὶ μὴ τὸ φίλον καὶ σύνηθες· ὑπὸ μὲν γὰρ τῆς συνηθείης θάλλει καὶ αὔξεται, ὑπὸ δὲ τοῦ πολεμίου φθίνει καὶ ἀμαυροῦται.
One must also in this disease, as in all the others, not increase the diseases, but hasten to wear them down by applying to each disease what is most hostile to it, and not what is friendly and customary; for under what is customary it flourishes and increases, but under what is hostile it wastes away and is weakened.
Ὅστις δὲ ἐπίσταται ἐν ἀνθρώποισι τὴν τοιαύτην μεταβολὴν καὶ δύναται ὑγρὸν καὶ ξηρὸν ποιέειν καὶ θερμὸν καὶ ψυχρὸν ὑπὸ διαίτης τὸν ἄνθρωπον, οὗτος καὶ ταύτην τὴν νοῦσον ἰῷτο ἂν, εἰ τοὺς καιροὺς διαγινώσκοι τῶν ξυμφερόντων, ἄνευ καθαρμῶν καὶ μαγευμάτων καὶ πάσης ἄλλης βαναυσίης τοιαύτης.
And whoever knows such changes in humans and is able, by means of regimen, to make a person moist and dry, and hot and cold, would also cure this disease, if he should recognize the proper opportunities for beneficial treatments, without purifications, magic spells, and all other such charlatanry.