§22.
2.
Ὑγιὲς σῶμα, τὸ μὲν ἐν σκέπῃ εἰθισμένον, ὅτι ἄηθες, ὅτι προσωτάτω τοῦ οἰκείου θάλπεος, ἐγγύτατα δὲ τοῦ ἀλλοτρίου ψύχεος, διὰ ταῦτ’ ἄρα τῷ θερμῷ ἥδεται καὶ φέρειν δύναται.
In a healthy body, the part that is accustomed to being sheltered, because it is unaccustomed, and because it is furthest from its own heat and closest to the foreign cold, therefore rejoices in the warm and is able to bear it.
Ἐγκέφαλος καὶ ὅσα ἀπὸ τούτου, ψυχρῷ μὲν ἄχθεται, θερμῷ δ’ ἥδεται, καὶ ἢν ἄρα ᾖ ψυχρότερον καὶ στερεώτερον φύσει.
The brain and all that comes from it are vexed by the cold but rejoice in the warm, even if it is indeed colder and harder by nature.
Καὶ πρόσω τοῦ οἰκείου θάλπεος, καὶ πλεῖστα αὐτῶν· διὰ τοῦτο ὀστέοισιν, ὀδοῦσι, νεύροισι· τὸ ψυχρὸν πολέμιον, τὸ δὲ θερμὸν φίλιον, ὅτι ἀπὸ τούτων σπασμοὶ, τέτανοι, ῥίγεα πυρετώδεα, ἃ τὸ μὲν ψυχρὸν ποιέει, τὸ δὲ θερμὸν παύει.
And those things that are far from their own heat, and the majority of them, are so; therefore, for bones, teeth, and tendons, the cold is an enemy and the warm is a friend, because from these arise spasms, tetanus, and feverish chills, which the cold produces and the warm puts an end to.
Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ γονῇ ἀπὸ τοῦ θερμοῦ ἡδοναὶ καὶ προκλήσιες, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ ψυχροῦ ἀλγηδόνες καὶ ἀποτρέψιες· διὰ τοῦτο ὀσφὺς, στῆθος, νῶτον, ὑποχόνδρια μᾶλλον ψυχρῷ ἄχθεται, θερμῷ δ’ ἥδεται καὶ φέρειν δύναται· διὰ τοῦτ’ ἄρα ὀσφὺς, νῶτον, στῆθος, ὑποχόνδρια τὰ ἐναντία πέπονθεν, ὅτι ἐναντιαῖα· διὰ τοῦτ’ ἄρα τούτῳ τῷ χωρίῳ ἀσῶδες ἐνταῦθα χρωμένοισι τὸ θερμὸν, τὸ δὲ ψυχρὸν παύει· διὰ τοῦτ’ ἄρα ποτῷ ψυχρῷ ἥδεται, διὰ τοῦτ’ ἄρα βρώμασι τοῖσι θερμοῖσιν ἥδεται.
Therefore, for the semen too, pleasures and stimulations arise from the warm, but pains and deterrents from the cold; therefore, the loin, breast, back, and hypochondria are more vexed by the cold, but rejoice in the warm and are able to bear it; therefore, the loin, back, breast, and hypochondria suffer the opposite effects, because they are opposite; therefore, in this region, the warm is nauseating to those who use it, but the cold puts an end to it; therefore, it rejoices in cold drink, but also rejoices in warm food.
Διὰ τοῦτ’ ἄρα καὶ κατὰ ἀκρέων ἐν λειποθυμίαις τὸ ψυχρὸν καταχεόμενον ὠφελέει.
Therefore, cold water poured over the extremities in cases of fainting is beneficial.
Ὅτι δὲ τὰ ὄπισθεν τῶν ἔμπροσθεν τὸ θερμὸν μᾶλλον ἀνέχεται, τὰ εἰρημένα αἴτια· ὅτι δὲ καὶ τὰ ψυχρὰ, ὀρθῶς· τά τε γὰρ ἄκρεα, ἔμπροσθεν, καὶ οὐκ ἐν σκέπῃ εἰθισμένα, ὥσπερ τὸ ἔνδον τοῦ ἔξω.
The reasons why the back parts of the body tolerate the warm better than the front parts are those already mentioned; and that they also tolerate the cold is correct; for the extremities are in front, and not accustomed to being sheltered, just as the inside is to the outside.
Μνηστέον δὲ καὶ ὅτι ἑκάτερον ἐφ’ ἑκατέρου τοῦ σώματος κρέσσον τοῦ δέρματος τοῦ ἔξω, ὅτι συνεχές τε ἑωυτῷ καὶ νεύρῳ ἐναίμῳ·
It must also be remembered that each part of the body is more sensitive to cold and heat than the outer skin, because it is continuous with itself and connected with vascular tendons.
διὰ τὸ ἔξω τοῦ οἰκείου θερμοῦ ἐν τῷ ἔξω ψυχρῷ εἶναι, ἐπ’ ἀμφοῖν πυκνὰ κρατέεται, καὶ ἑκατέρων πυκνὰ δεῖται, πυκνὰ δὲ μᾶλλον θερμοῦ ἐς ἡδονήν.
Because the outer part is outside its own heat and in the outer cold, it is frequently dominated by both, and frequently stands in need of both, and frequently rather of the warm for pleasure.
Πάσχει δὲ καὶ ἄκρεα τοιοῦτο, ὥστε ταχέως ἐνακούειν πολλῶν· βραδέως δὲ πρῶτον ἐπαείρεται, καὶ φλεβῶν δῆλον, αἳ πρότερον καὶ ὕστερον·
The extremities also suffer in such a way as to react quickly to many things; but at first the reaction rises slowly, and this is clear from the veins, which react sooner and later.
οὕτως πάντα φαίνεται, ὅκου τε ψύχεται ἄκρεα, ὅκου τε θερμαίνεται, ἐν κενεαγγικοῖσιν, ἐν λειποθυμικοῖσι, καὶ κατὰ λόγον· εἰκότως ἄρα φλέβας, καὶ τὰ ἀπὸ τουτέων ἕπεται, καὶ θερμαίνει πρῶτον τὸ θερμὸν, οἷον τῶν χειρῶν τὰ εἴσω.
Thus all things appear, both where the extremities are cooled and where they are warmed, in those with empty vessels and in those fainting, and in accordance with reason; naturally, therefore, the veins and what comes from them follow, and the warm warms first, for example, the inner parts of the hands.
Τὰ δ’ ἕλκεα θερμῷ ἥδεται ὁμολογουμένως, ὅτι ἐν σκέπῃ εἴθισται, εἰκότως ἄρα τῷ ἑτέρῳ ἄχθεται.
Wounds rejoice in the warm, as is agreed, because they are accustomed to being sheltered; naturally, therefore, they are vexed by the other.
Εἰκότως ἄρα καὶ αὐταὶ αἱ φλέβες, ὅτι ἐν θερμῷ εἰσιν.
Naturally, therefore, the veins themselves are also so, because they are in the warm.
Εἰκότως ἄρα καὶ αὐτὸς ὁ θώρηξ, καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ κοιλίη κρατουμένη ὑπὸ τοῦ ψυχροῦ μάλιστα ἀγανακτεῖ καὶ θανατοῖ, ὅτι μάλιστα ἀήθεα· ἀλλὰ πλεῖστον ἀπέχει τοῦ παθεῖν τοῦτο· ἐγγύτατα γὰρ τοῦτο τὸ δεῖσθαι· εἰκότως ἄρα ποτῷ ψυχρῷ ἥδεται· οὕτως ὁμολογέει ταῦτα πάντα.
Naturally, therefore, the chest itself and the belly itself, when dominated by the cold, are most vexed and cause death, because they are most unaccustomed to it; but they are furthest from suffering this; for they are closest to needing this; naturally, therefore, they rejoice in cold drink; thus all these things agree.
Ὅτι δὲ μάλιστα πάντα τὰ ἀποσύρματα καὶ τὰ ἐπικαύματα ἐπιπολῆς, οὐ μάλιστα εἰθισμένα ἐν σκέπῃ, μάλιστα ἐν ψυχρῷ ἀγανακτεῖ· εἰκότως· τάχιστα γὰρ κρατέεται, καὶ τὰ βαθύτατα εἰ κρατοῖτο, μάλιστ’ ἂν ἄχθοιτο· ἔπειτα καὶ τῆς φύσιος τῆς νευρώδους μετέχει.
And because all superficial abrasions and burns, not being at all accustomed to being sheltered, are most vexed in the cold, naturally; for they are most quickly dominated, and if the deepest parts were dominated, they would be most vexed; furthermore, they share in the nature of tendons.
Ὅτι ὑπογάστριον ἥδεσθαι δοκέει θερμῷ, σκεπτέον τὸ χωρίον, καὶ μετέχει· καὶ ἄκρεα, καὶ κύστις, καὶ γονὴ, καὶ ἄλλος γόνος ὁ γυμνός· ἔστι τε φύσει ψυχρότερος, ἢ ὥς τις οἴεται· ἄνω γὰρ, οὐ κάτω θερμὸν ἀΐσσει· διὰ ταῦτα ἥδεται.
Because the hypogastrium seems to rejoice in the warm, one must consider the region, and it shares in this; both the extremities, the bladder, the semen, and the other exposed generative organ; and it is by nature colder than one thinks; for heat rushes upwards, not downwards; therefore it rejoices.
Ὅτι μετὰ τὸ θερμὸν ψύχεται τὸ σῶμα διαχυθὲν μᾶλλον, μετὰ δὲ τὸ ψυχρὸν ἀναθερμαίνεται μᾶλλον συσταλέν· οἷον καὶ τὰ ὕδατα, ψυκτέα, θερμαντέα, διὰ λεπτότητα· ὅτι μετὰ τὸ θερμὸν σκληρύνεται μᾶλλον ἐπιξηρανθὲν, οἷον ὀφθαλμοὶ μετὰ τὸ ψυχρόν· τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὅμοιον τῷ περιέχοντι, τὸ δὲ οὔ.
Because after the warm, the body, being more diffused, cools down, but after the cold, being contracted, it warms up more; just as water is easy to cool and easy to heat because of its thinness; because after the warm, it becomes harder by being dried up, just as the eyes do after the cold; for the one is similar to the surrounding environment, but the other is not.
§33.
3.
Θάλασσα δὲ, τοῖσι κνησμώδεσι καὶ δακνώδεσι, καὶ λούειν καὶ πυριῇν θερμῇ, τοῖσι μὲν ἀήθεσιν ὑπολιπαίνονται, πρὸς ἕλκεα δὲ πυρίκαυτα καὶ ἀποσύρματα καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα πολέμιον, ἐπιτήδειον δὲ τοῖσι καθαροῖσιν, ἀγαθὸν καὶ ἰσχναίνειν εὖ, ὡς τὰ τῶν ἁλιέων ἕλκεα· ταῦτα γὰρ οὐδ’ ἐκπυεῖ, ἢν μὴ ψαύῃ· καὶ πρὸς ὑποδεσμίδας· καὶ τὰ νεμόμενα παύει καὶ ἵστησιν, ὡς ἅλες καὶ ἁλμυρίδες καὶ λίτρον·
Sea water is suitable for those with itching and stinging pains, both for bathing and for warm steaming; those who are unaccustomed are slightly anointed with oil; but for burns, abrasions, and such like, it is an enemy, while it is suitable for clean wounds, and good for drying them up well, like the wounds of fishermen; for these do not even suppurate if one does not touch them; and it is suitable for under-bandages; and it stops and stays spreading ulcers, just as salt, brine, and natron do.
πάντα δὲ ταῦτα σμικρῷ μὲν χρωμένῳ ἐρεθιστικὰ, προσνικῶντι δὲ ἀγαθά· βέλτιον δὲ θέρμη πρὸς τὰ πλεῖστα.
All these things are irritating to one who uses them in small amounts, but beneficial to one who overcomes them; and it is better warm for most purposes.