§55.
5.
Εἶπον δὴ, ἃ ἂν φήσω τὸν ἄνθρωπον εἶναι, ἀποφανεῖν αἰεὶ ταὐτὰ ἐόντα καὶ κατὰ νόμον καὶ κατὰ φύσιν·
Now I said that, whatever things I should declare man to be, I would show them to be always the same both according to custom and according to nature.
φημὶ δὴ εἶναι αἷμα καὶ φλέγμα καὶ χολὴν ξανθήν τε καὶ μέλαιναν.
I declare them to be blood, phlegm, and yellow and black bile.
Καὶ τουτέων πρῶτον μὲν κατὰ νόμον τὰ οὐνόματα διωρίσθαι φημὶ καὶ οὐδενὶ αὐτέων τωὐτὸ οὔνομα εἶναι, ἔπειτα κατὰ φύσιν τὰς ἰδέας κεχωρίσθαι, καὶ οὔτε τὸ φλέγμα οὐδὲν ἐοικέναι τῷ αἵματι, οὔτε τὸ αἷμα τῇ χολῇ, οὔτε τὴν χολὴν τῷ φλέγματι.
And of these, I say first that their names are distinguished according to custom, and that none of them has the same name as another; next, that their forms are separated according to nature, and that phlegm is in no way like blood, nor blood like bile, nor bile like phlegm.
Πῶς γὰρ ἂν ἐοικότα εἴη ταῦτα ἀλλήλοισιν, ὧν οὔτε τὰ χρώματα ὅμοια φαίνεται προσορώμενα, οὔτε τῇ χειρὶ ψαύοντι ὅμοια δοκέει εἶναι;
For how could these be like one another, when neither their colors appear similar to those who look at them, nor do they seem similar to the touch of the hand?
οὔτε γὰρ θερμὰ ὁμοίως ἐστὶν, οὔτε ψυχρὰ, οὔτε ξηρὰ, οὔτε ὑγρά.
For they are not equally hot, nor cold, nor dry, nor wet.
Ἀνάγκη τοίνυν, ὅτε τοσοῦτον διήλλακται ἀλλήλων τὴν ἰδέην τε καὶ τὴν δύναμιν, μὴ ἓν αὐτὰ εἶναι, εἴπερ μὴ πῦρ τε καὶ ὕδωρ ἕν τε καὶ ταὐτόν ἐστιν.
It is necessary then, since they differ so much from one another both in form and in power, that they are not one, unless fire and water are one and the same thing.
Γνοίης δ’ ἂν τοῖσδε, ὅτι οὐχ ἓν ταῦτα πάντα ἐστὶν, ἀλλ’ ἕκαστον αὐτέων ἔχει δύναμίν τε καὶ φύσιν τὴν ἑωυτέου·
And you would know by these things that all these are not one, but each of them has its own power and nature.
ἢν γάρ τινι διδῷς ἀνθρώπῳ φάρμακον ὅ τι φλέγμα ἄγει, ἐμέεταί σοι φλέγμα, καὶ ἢν διδῷς φάρμακον ὅ τι χολὴν ἄγει, ἐμέεταί σοι χολή.
For if you give to any man a medicine which draws phlegm, he will vomit phlegm for you; and if you give a medicine which draws bile, he will vomit bile for you.
Κατὰ ταὐτὰ δὲ καὶ χολὴ μέλαινα καθαίρεται, ἢν διδῷς φάρμακον ὅ τι χολὴν μέλαιναν ἄγει· καὶ ἢν τρώσῃς αὐτοῦ τοῦ σώματος μέρος τι ὥστε ἕλκος γενέσθαι, ῥυήσεται αὐτέῳ αἷμα.
In the same way, black bile is purged if you give a medicine which draws black bile; and if you wound any part of his body so that a sore is made, blood will flow for him.
Καὶ ταῦτα ποιήσει σοι πάντα πᾶσαν ἡμέρην καὶ νύκτα καὶ χειμῶνος καὶ θέρεος, μέχρις ἂν δυνατὸς ᾖ τὸ πνεῦμα ἕλκειν ἐς ἑωυτὸν καὶ πάλιν μεθιέναι, δυνατὸς δὲ ἔσται ἔστ’ ἄν τινος τουτέων στερηθῇ τῶν ξυγγεγονότων.
And all these things will happen for you every day and night, both in winter and in summer, as long as he is able to draw the breath into himself and let it go again; and he will be able to do so until he is deprived of one of these innate elements.
Ξυγγέγονε δὲ ταῦτα τὰ εἰρημένα· πῶς γὰρ οὐ ξυγγέγονε;
And these aforementioned things are innate; for how could they not be?
Πρῶτον μὲν φανερός ἐστιν ὥνθρωπος ἔχων ἐν ἑωυτῷ ταῦτα πάντα αἰεὶ ἕως ἂν ζῇ, ἔπειτα δὲ γέγονεν ἐξ ἀνθρώπου ταῦτα πάντα ἔχοντος, τέθραπταί τε ἐν ἀνθρώπῳ ταῦτα πάντα ἔχοντι, ὁκόσα ἐγώ γε νῦν φημί τε καὶ ἀποδείκνυμι.
First, it is clear that man has all these things in himself always as long as he lives; next, he has been born from a man having all these things, and has been nourished in a man having all these things, as many as I now declare and demonstrate.
§66.
6.
Οἱ δὲ λέγοντες ὡς ἕν ἐστιν ὥνθρωπος, δοκέουσί μοι ταύτῃ τῇ γνώμῃ κεχρῆσθαι· ὁρέοντες τοὺς πίνοντας τὰ φάρμακα καὶ ἀπολλυμένους ἐν τῇσιν ὑπερκαθάρσεσι, τοὺς μὲν χολὴν ἐμέοντας, τοὺς δέ τινας φλέγμα, τοῦτο ἕκαστον αὐτέων ἐνόμισαν εἶναι τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ὅ τι καθαιρόμενον εἶδον αὐτὸν ἀποθανόντα·
Those who say that man is one seem to me to adopt this opinion: seeing people drink medicines and perish in excessive purgings, some vomiting bile, others phlegm, they thought each of these things to be the man, whichever they saw him die purging.
καὶ οἱ τὸ αἷμα φάντες εἶναι τὸν ἄνθρωπον τῇ αὐτέῃ γνώμῃ χρέονται· ὁρέοντες ἀποσφαζομένους τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καὶ τὸ αἷμα ῥέον ἐκ τοῦ σώματος, τοῦτο νομίζουσιν εἶναι τὴν ψυχὴν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ· καὶ μαρτυρίοισι τουτέοισι πάντες χρέονται ἐν τοῖσι λόγοισιν.
And those who say that blood is the man adopt the same opinion: seeing men slaughtered and blood flowing from the body, they think this is the soul for the man; and they all use these testimonies in their arguments.
Καίτοι τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐν τῇσιν ὑπερκαθάρσεσιν οὐδείς πω ἀπέθανε χολὴν μοῦνον καθαρθείς·
Yet, first of all, in excessive purgings no one has ever died having been purged of bile alone.
ἀλλ’ ὁκόταν τις πίῃ φάρμακον ὅ τι χολὴν ἐμέει, ἔπειτα δὲ φλέγμα· ἔπειτα δὲ ἐπὶ τούτοισιν ἐμέουσί χολὴν μέλαιναν ἀναγκαζόμενοι, τελευτῶντες δὲ καὶ αἷμα ἐμέουσι καθαρόν.
But when someone drinks a medicine which vomits bile, he vomits first bile, then phlegm; and then, in addition to these, they vomit black bile under compulsion, and finally they also vomit pure blood.
Τὰ αὐτὰ δὲ πάσχουσι καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν φαρμάκων τῶν τὸ φλέγμα ἀγόντων· πρῶτον μὲν γὰρ φλέγμα ἐμέουσιν, ἔπειτα χολὴν ξανθὴν, ἔπειτα μέλαιναν, τελευτῶντες δὲ αἷμα καθαρὸν, καὶ ἐν τῷδε ἀποθνήσκουσιν.
They suffer the same things also from medicines that draw phlegm; for first they vomit phlegm, then yellow bile, then black bile, and finally pure blood, and in this state they die.
Τὸ γὰρ φάρμακον, ὁκόταν ἐσέλθῃ ἐς τὸ σῶμα, πρῶτον μὲν ἄγει ὃ ἂν αὐτέῳ κατὰ φύσιν μάλιστα ᾖ τῶν ἐν τῷ σώματι ἐνεόντων, ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ τἄλλα ἕλκει τε καὶ καθαίρει.
For the medicine, when it enters the body, draws first what is most according to its own nature of the things present in the body, and then it also drags and purges the others.
Ὡς γὰρ τὰ φυόμενά τε καὶ σπειρόμενα, ὁκόταν ἐς τὴν γῆν ἔλθῃ, ἕλκει ἕκαστον τὸ κατὰ φύσιν αὐτῷ ἐνεὸν ἐν τῇ γῇ, ἔνι δὲ καὶ ὀξὺ καὶ πικρὸν καὶ γλυκὺ καὶ ἁλμυρὸν καὶ παντοῖον· πρῶτον μὲν οὖν πλεῖστον τουτέου εἵλκυσεν ἐς ἑωυτὸ, ὁ τι ἂν ᾖ αὐτῷ κατὰ φύσιν μάλιστα, ἔπειτα δὲ ἕλκει καὶ τἄλλα·
For just as things that grow and are sown, when they come into the earth, draw each what is according to its own nature present in the earth—and there is in it acid, bitter, sweet, salty, and all kinds of things—first of all, then, it draws into itself the greatest amount of that which is most according to its nature, and then it also draws the others.
τοιοῦτον δέ τι καὶ τὰ φάρμακα ποιέει ἐν τῷ σώματι· ὁκόσα ἂν χολὴν ἄγῃ, πρῶτον μὲν ἀκρητεστάτην ἐκάθηρε τὴν χολὴν, ἔπειτα δὲ μεμιγμένην· καὶ πάλιν τὰ τοῦ φλέγματος φάρμακα πρῶτον μὲν ἀκρητέστατον τὸ φλέγμα ἄγει, ἔπειτα δὲ μεμιγμένον· καὶ τοῖσιν ἀποσφαζομένοισι πρῶτον μὲν τὸ αἷμα ῥέει θερμότατόν τε καὶ ἐρυθρότατον, ἔπειτα δὲ ῥέει φλεγματωδέστερον καὶ χολωδέστερον.
And the medicines do something of this kind in the body: those which draw bile first purge the most unmixed bile, and then mixed; and again, the medicines for phlegm draw first the most unmixed phlegm, and then mixed; and for those who are slaughtered, first the blood flows warmest and reddest, and then it flows more phlegmatic and more bilious.