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Appian · The Hannibalic War §422-423

Surprise Attack by False Deserters and Roman Rout

Passage 7 of 19 · Greek

Summary

Hannibal signals the five hundred Celtiberians who pretended to desert; they draw hidden swords and attack the Romans from behind. Harassed by the ambush and dust blown by the strong wind, the Romans panic, believe they are surrounded, and flee in disorder.

§422Διαπιπτούσης δὲ καὶ τῆσδε τῆς πείρας, ὁ Ἀννίβας τὸ σημεῖον ἐπῆρε τοῖς Κελτίβηρσι τοῖς πεντακοσίοις.
When this attempt also failed, Hannibal raised the signal for the five hundred Celtiberians.
οἱ δὲ τῆς τάξεως ἐκδραμόντες ἐς τοὺς Ῥωμαίους μετετίθεντο, καὶ τὰς ἀσπίδας αὐτοῖς καὶ τὰ δόρατα καὶ τὰ ξίφη τὰ φανερὰ ὤρεγον ὥσπερ αὐτομολοῦντες.
They, running out of their rank, went over to the Romans, and offered them their shields, spears, and visible swords, as if they were deserters.
καὶ ὁ Σερουίλιος αὐτοὺς ἐπαινέσας τὰ μὲν ὅπλα αὐτῶν αὐτίκα παρεῖλεν, ἐν δὲ μόνοις, ὡς ᾤετο, τοῖς χιτῶσιν ἔστησεν ὀπίσω· οὐ γὰρ ἐδοκίμαζε καταδεῖν αὐτομόλους ἐν ὄψει πολεμίων, οὐδὲ ὑπώπτευεν ἐν χιτῶσι μόνοις ὁρῶν, οὐδὲ καιρὸς ἦν ἐν τοσῷδε πόνῳ.
And Servilius, having praised them, immediately took away their weapons, and stationed them in the rear, wearing, as he thought, only their tunics; for he did not think it proper to bind deserters in the sight of the enemy, nor did he suspect them, seeing them in only their tunics, nor was there time in the midst of so great a struggle.
σπεῖραι δʼ ἕτεραι Λιβύων προσεποιήσαντο φεύγειν ἄχρι τῶν ὀρῶν, συναλαλάξασαι μέγα.
Meanwhile, other cohorts of Libyans pretended to flee as far as the hills, raising a great shout.
σύμβολον δʼ ἦν ἡ βοὴ τοῖς ἐν ταῖς φάραγξι κεκρυμμένοις ἀναστρέφειν ἐς τοὺς διώκοντας.
The shout was a signal to those hidden in the ravines to turn upon their pursuers.
καὶ εὐθὺς οἵ τε ψιλοὶ καὶ ἱππεῖς ἐκ τῆς ἐνέδρας ἐξεφαίνοντο, καὶ τὸ πνεῦμα κατέβαινε πολὺ καὶ ζοφῶδες, ἐς τὰς Ῥωμαίων ὄψεις μετὰ κονιορτοῦ φερόμενον· ὃ καὶ μάλιστα αὐτοὺς ἐκώλυε προορᾶν τοὺς πολεμίους.
And immediately the light-armed troops and the cavalry showed themselves from the ambush, and the wind came down strong and dark, carrying dust directly into the faces of the Romans; this especially prevented them from seeing the enemy ahead.
τά τε βέλη Ῥωμαίοις μὲν πάντα ἀμβλύτερα διὰ τὴν ἀντιπνοιαν ἦν, τοῖς δὲ ἐχθροῖς ἐπιτυχῆ, τοῦ πνεύματος τὴν βολὴν συνωθοῦντος.
And for the Romans, all missiles were weaker because of the headwind, while for the enemy they were successful, as the wind speeded their flight.
οἱ δὲ οὔτε ἐκκλίνειν αὐτὰ προορῶντες οὔτʼ ἀφιέναι καλῶς δυνάμενοι, σφίσι τε αὐτοῖς περιπταίοντες, ἤδη ποικίλως ἐθορυβοῦντο.
And they, neither seeing them beforehand so as to avoid them, nor being able to discharge their own properly, and stumbling against one another, were by now thrown into confusion in various ways.
§423τότε δὴ τὸν καιρὸν ὁρῶντες τὸν ἐπηγγελμένον σφίσιν οἱ πεντακόσιοι, τὰ ξίφη τὰ βραχύτερα ἐκ τῶν κόλπων ἐπισπάσαντες πρώτους ἀνῄρουν ὧν ἦσαν ὀπίσω, μετὰ δʼ ἐκείνους, ἁρπάσαντες αὐτῶν τὰ ξίφη τὰ μείζω καὶ τὰς ἀσπίδας καὶ τὰ δόρατα, πᾶσιν ἐνέπιπτον καὶ μετεπήδων ἀφειδῶς· καὶ φόνον εἰργάζοντο πλεῖστον οὗτοι μάλιστα, ἅτε πάντων ὄντες ὀπίσω.
Then indeed, the five hundred, seeing the opportunity that had been indicated to them, drawing the shorter swords from their bosoms, first slew those behind whom they had been stationed, and after those, snatching up their larger swords, shields, and spears, fell upon everyone and attacked them unsparingly; and these made the greatest slaughter especially, since they were behind everyone.
τό τε κακὸν ἤδη πολὺ τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις καὶ ποικίλον ἦν, πονουμένοις μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν ἐναντίων, κεκυκλωμένοις δʼ ὑπὸ τῆς ἐνέδρας, ἀναιρουμένοις δʼ ὑπὸ τῶν ἀναμεμιγμένων.
And the disaster for the Romans was by now great and multifaceted, as they were hard pressed by their opponents, surrounded by the ambush, and being slain by those who had mingled among them.
οὐδʼ ἐπιστρέψαι πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἐδύναντο διὰ τοὺς ἐπικειμένους σφίσιν ἐκ μετώπου· οὐδʼ ἐπεγίγνωσκον ἔτι αὐτοὺς εὐμαρῶς, Ῥωμαϊκὰς ἀσπίδας ἔχοντας.
Nor could they turn back against them because of those pressing upon them from the front; neither did they recognize them easily anymore, since they had Roman shields.
ὑπὲρ ἅπαντα δʼ αὐτοὺς ὁ κονιορτὸς ἠνώχλει, καὶ οὐκ εἶχον οὐδʼ εἰκάσαι τὸ συμβαῖνον, ἀλλʼ οἷον ἐν θορύβῳ καὶ φόβῳ, πάντα πλείω νομίζοντες εἶναι, καὶ τὰς ἐνέδρας οὐ τοσαύτας, οὐδὲ τοὺς πεντακοσίους εἰδότες ὅτι ἦσαν πεντακόσιοι, ἀλλʼ ὅλον σφῶν τὸ στρατόπεδον ὑπὸ ἱππέων καὶ αὐτομόλων ἡγούμενοι κεκυκλῶσθαι, τραπέντες ἔφευγον ἀκόσμως, πρῶτοι μὲν οἱ ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ, καὶ ὁ Τερέντιος αὐτοῖς ἐξῆρχε τῆς φυγῆς, μετὰ δʼ ἐκείνους οἱ τὸ λαιὸν ἔχοντες, ὧν ὁ Σερουίλιος ἡγούμενος πρὸς τὸν Αἰμίλιον διέδραμε· καὶ περὶ αὐτοὺς ἦν ὅσον ἄριστον ἱππέων τε καὶ πεζῶν, ἀμφὶ τοὺς μυρίους.
Above all, the dust harassed them, and they were unable even to conjecture what was happening, but as is natural in confusion and fear, thinking everything to be greater than it was, knowing neither that the ambush was not so large, nor that the five hundred were only five hundred, but believing that their whole army was surrounded by cavalry and deserters, they turned and fled in disorder, first those on the right wing, and Terentius led the flight for them, and after them those who held the left wing, whose leader Servilius ran to Aemilius; and around them was the best part of the cavalry and infantry, about ten thousand.

Notes

  1. §422ἐν δὲ μόνοις, ὡς ᾤετο, τοῖς χιτῶσιν — The insert clause 'ὡς ᾤετο' (as he thought) indicates the subjective misperception of the Roman commander Servilius. It highlights that although they hid short swords under their tunics, to Servilius's eyes they appeared to be wearing only tunics.
  2. §423πρώτους ἀνῄρουν ὧν ἦσαν ὀπίσω — The relative pronoun 'ὧν' stands with the omission of its antecedent 'ἐκείνους' (or 'τούτους'), and is in the genitive case governed by the postposition 'ὀπίσω' (behind). It literally means 'they killed first [those] behind whom they were stationed'.
  3. §423ἀλλʼ οἷον ἐν θορύβῳ καὶ φόβῳ, πάντα πλείω νομίζοντες εἶναι — The word 'οἷον' functions here as an adverbial or idiomatic insertion meaning 'as is natural in...' or 'as is typical of...'. It modifies the participle 'νομίζοντες', conveying the nuance of 'as is natural in confusion and fear, thinking everything to be greater than it actually was'.

Cite this passage

Appian, The Hannibalic War §422-423. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0551.tlg008.humanitext-grc2:422-423

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