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Polybius · The Histories §8.35.1-8.35.9

Blame and Pity in the Misfortunes of Commanders

Passage 595 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

Prompted by the death of the Roman general Tiberius, the author discusses the criteria for judging whether fallen leaders should be blamed or pitied, citing historical examples such as Archidamus, Pelopidas, and Gnaeus.

§8.35.1ὅτι Τιβέριος ὁ Ῥωμαίων στρατηγὸς λόχῳ ἐνεδρευθεὶς καὶ γενναίως ὑποστὰς σὺν τοῖς περὶ αὑτὸν τὸν βίον κατέστρεψεν.
That Tiberius, the Roman general, having been ambushed in a snare and having bravely resisted, finished his life together with those around him.
περὶ δὲ τῶν τοιούτων περιπετειῶν, πότερα χρὴ τοῖς πάσχουσιν ἐπιτιμᾶν ἢ συγγνώμην ἔχειν, καθόλου μὲν οὐκ ἀσφαλὲς ἀποφήνασθαι διὰ τὸ καὶ πλείους τὰ κατὰ λόγον πάντα πράξαντας, ὅμως ὑποχειρίους γεγονέναι τοῖς ἑτοίμως τὰ παρʼ ἀνθρώποις ὡρισμένα δίκαια παραβαίνουσιν· §8.35.2οὐ μὴν οὐδʼ αὐτόθεν ἀποστατέον τῆς ἀποφάσεως ἀργῶς, ἀλλὰ βλέποντα πρὸς τοὺς καιροὺς καὶ τὰς περιστάσεις οἷς μὲν ἐπιτιμητέον τῶν ἡγεμόνων, οἷς δὲ συγγνώμην δοτέον. ἔσται δὲ τὸ λεγόμενον δῆλον ἐκ τούτων.
But concerning such vicissitudes, whether one ought to blame the victims or have sympathy for them, it is generally not safe to declare; because many who have done everything according to reason have nevertheless fallen into the hands of those who readily transgress the laws established among men. Nevertheless, one must not directly abandon judgment in a lazy manner, but looking at the times and circumstances, one must decide which of the leaders are to be blamed and which are to be pardoned.
§8.35.3Ἀρχίδαμος ὁ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων βασιλεὺς ὑπιδόμενος τὴν Κλεομένους φιλαρχίαν ἔφυγεν ἐκ τῆς Σπάρτης, μετʼ οὐ πολὺ δὲ πάλιν πεισθεὶς ἐνεχείρισεν αὑτὸν τῷ προειρημένῳ. §8.35.4τοιγαροῦν ἅμα τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ τοῦ βίου στερηθεὶς οὐδʼ ἀπολογίαν αὑτῷ κατέλιπε πρὸς τοὺς ἐπιγινομένους· §8.35.5τῆς γὰρ ὑποθέσεως τῆς αὐτῆς μενούσης, τῆς δὲ Κλεομένους φιλαρχίας καὶ δυναστείας ἐπηυξημένης, ὁ τούτοις ἐγχειρίσας αὑτὸν οὓς φυγὼν πρότερον ἔτυχε παραδόξως τῆς σωτηρίας, πῶς οὐκ εὐλόγως ἔμελλε τοῖς προειρημένοις ἐγκυρήσειν; §8.35.6καὶ μὴν Πελοπίδας ὁ Θηβαῖος, εἰδὼς τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ τυράννου παρανομίαν καὶ σαφῶς γινώσκων ὅτι πᾶς τύραννος πολεμιωτάτους αὑτῷ νομίζει τοὺς τῆς ἐλευθερίας προεστῶτας, αὐτὸς οὐ μόνον τῆς Θηβαίων ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς τῶν Ἑλλήνων δημοκρατίας ἔπειθεν Ἐπαμινώνδαν προεστάναι, §8.35.7καὶ παρὼν εἰς Θετταλίαν πολέμιος ἐπὶ καταλύσει τῆς Ἀλεξάνδρου μοναρχίας πρεσβεύειν πρὸς τοῦτον ὑπέμεινε δεύτερον. §8.35.8τοιγαροῦν γενόμενος ὑποχείριος τοῖς ἐχθροῖς ἔβλαψε μὲν Θηβαίους μεγάλα, κατέλυσε δὲ τὴν αὑτῷ προγεγενημένην δόξαν, εἰκῇ καὶ ἀκρίτως πιστεύσας οἷς ἥκιστʼ ἐχρῆν. §8.35.9παραπλήσια δὲ τούτοις καὶ Γνάϊος ὁ Ῥωμαίων στρατηγὸς ἔπαθε κατὰ τὸν Σικελικὸν πόλεμον, ἀλόγως αὑτὸν ἐγχειρίσας τοῖς πολεμίοις· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ πλείους ἕτεροι.
What is said will be clear from the following. Archidamus, the king of the Lacedaemonians, suspecting Cleomenes' lust for power, fled from Sparta, but not long afterwards, being persuaded again, committed himself to the aforementioned. Therefore, being deprived at once of his rule and his life, he did not even leave any defense for himself to posterity. For, while the situation remained the same, and the lust for power and dominance of Cleomenes had increased, how could he who committed himself to those from whom, by fleeing before, he had happened to obtain salvation unexpectedly, not reasonably expect to meet with the aforementioned fate? Moreover, Pelopidas the Theban, knowing the lawlessness of the tyrant Alexander and clearly understanding that every tyrant regards those who champion liberty as his greatest enemies—though he himself was persuading Epaminondas to stand at the head not only of the democracy of the Thebans but also of that of the Greeks— yet when he was present in Thessaly as an enemy to overthrow the monarchy of Alexander, he submitted to go on an embassy to him a second time. Therefore, falling into the hands of his enemies, he did great damage to the Thebans and ruined his own former reputation, having blindly and thoughtlessly trusted those whom he least should have. Gnaeus, the Roman general, suffered a very similar fate during the Sicilian War, having unreasonably committed himself to the enemy; and likewise many others.

Notes

  1. §8.35.1ὅτι — The ὅτι at the beginning of the sentence is a typical marker added in Byzantine historical epitomes to introduce excerpted passages, functioning as an incomplete noun clause ('That...') without a main verb.
  2. §8.35.1διὰ τὸ καὶ πλείους τὰ κατὰ λόγον πάντα πράξαντας, ὅμως ὑποχειρίους γεγονέναι — An accusative-with-infinitive construction functioning as the object of the preposition διὰ (διὰ τὸ ... γεγονέναι), where πλείους (contracted accusative of πλείονας) is the subject accusative of the infinitive, modified by the accusative participle phrase τὰ κατὰ λόγον πάντα πράξαντας ('having done everything according to reason').
  3. §8.35.2βλέποντα — An accusative singular participle (or possibly reading as plural βλέποντας) agreeing with the implicit subject (in the accusative case) of the verbal action implied by the impersonal verbal adjective ἀποστατέον, meaning 'one (or we) looking at the times'.
  4. §8.35.5ὁ τούτοις ἐγχειρίσας αὑτὸν οὓς φυγὼν — The relative clause οὓς φυγὼν ... is nested inside the subject phrase ὁ ... ἐγχειρίσας, with the demonstrative pronoun τούτοις ('to these men') serving as the antecedent of the relative pronoun οὓς. The participle φυγὼν ('by fleeing') takes the accusative οὓς as its direct object.

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §8.35.1-8.35.9. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:8.35.1-8.35.9

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