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Polybius · The Histories §38.1.1-38.1.9

The Misfortune of Greece Greater than Carthage

Passage 1282 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

Polybius states that Book 38 contains the ultimate misfortune of the Greeks, arguing that their tragedy was even more pitiable than that of the Carthaginians because the Greeks survived under punishment and passed their misery down to posterity.

§38.1.1ὅτι ἡ λη# βίβλος περιέχει τὴν συντέλειαν τῆς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἀτυχίας.
The thirty-eighth book contains the completion of the misfortune of the Greeks.
§38.1.2καίπερ γὰρ τῆς Ἑλλάδος καὶ καθόλου καὶ κατὰ μέρος πλεονάκις ἐπταικυίας, ὅμως οὐδʼ ὁποίοις ἄν τις τῶν πρότερον ἐλαττωμάτων οἰκειότερον ἐφαρμόσαι τὸ τῆς ἀτυχίας ὄνομα καὶ τὴν ἔννοιαν ταύτην ὡς τοῖς καθʼ ἡμᾶς γεγονόσιν.
For although Greece has stumbled many times both as a whole and in part, nevertheless, to none of her former failures could one more appropriately apply the name of "misfortune" and this concept than to the events that have occurred in our own time.
§38.1.3οὐ γὰρ μόνον ἀφʼ ὧν ἔπαθον ἐλεήσαι τις ἂν τοὺς Ἕλληνας, ἔτι δὲ μᾶλλον ἐφʼ οἷς ἔπραξαν ἠτυχηκέναι νομίσειε, πυθόμενος περὶ ἑκάστων τὰς ἀληθείας.
For one would not only pity the Greeks because of what they suffered, but would even more consider them to have been unfortunate because of what they did, if one were to learn the truth about each detail.
§38.1.4δοκοῦντος γοῦν μεγίστου πάθους γεγονέναι τοῦ περὶ τοὺς Καρχηδονίους οὐκ ἔλαττον ἄν τις ἡγήσαιτο, κατὰ δέ τι μεῖζον τὸ περὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα τότε συμβάν.
At any rate, although the disaster of the Carthaginians is thought to have been the greatest, one would judge what happened to Greece at that time to be no less, and in some respect even greater.
§38.1.5οἱ μὲν γὰρ τόπον ἔσχατον ἀπολογίας γε πρὸς τοὺς ἐπιγινομένους περὶ σφῶν ἀπέλειπον, οὗτοι δʼ οὐδʼ ἀφορμὴν εὔλογον ἔδοσαν τοῖς βουλομένοις σφίσι βοηθεῖν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἡμαρτημένων.
For the former left at least some final ground of defense for posterity on their behalf, whereas the latter did not give even a reasonable pretext to those who wished to help them in their errors.
§38.1.6καὶ Καρχηδόνιοι μὲν ἅμα ταῖς περιπετείαις ἄρδην ἀφανισθέντες ἀνεπαίσθητοι τῶν σφετέρων εἰς τὸ μέλλον ἐγένοντο συμπτωμάτων, οἱ δʼ Ἕλληνες ἐφορῶντες τὰς αὑτῶν ἀτυχίας παισὶ παίδων παραδόσιμον ἐποίησαν τὴν ἀκληρίαν.
And while the Carthaginians, utterly destroyed along with their catastrophes, became insensate to their future misfortunes, the Greeks, witnessing their own misfortunes, made their ill fortune transmissible to their children's children.
§38.1.7ὥστε καθʼ ὅσον τοὺς ζῶντας μετὰ τιμωρίας ἐλεεινοτέρους νομίζομεν τῶν ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς δεινοῖς ἐκλειπόντων τὸν βίον, κατὰ τοσοῦτο καὶ τὰς τότε περιπετείας τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐλεεινοτέρας νομιστέον τῶν συμβάντων Καρχηδονίοις, §38.1.8ἐὰν μή τις ἀφροντιστῶν τοῦ καθήκοντος καὶ τοῦ καλοῦ, πρὸς αὐτὸ δὲ τὸ συμφέρον ἀποβλέπων ποιῆται τὴν ἀπόφασιν.
Consequently, to the same degree that we consider those who live in punishment to be more pitiable than those who lose their lives in the midst of terrors, we must also deem the catastrophes of the Greeks at that time to be more pitiable than those that befell the Carthaginians, unless one makes the decision without regard for duty and virtue, looking only to utility itself.
§38.1.9ὅτι δʼ ἔστι τὸ νῦν εἰρημένον ὑφʼ ἡμῶν ἀληθές, εἴποι τις ἂν ὑπομνησθεὶς καὶ παραθεὶς τὰς δοκούσας μεγίστας συμφορὰς γεγονέναι κατὰ τὴν Ἑλλάδα πρὸς τὰ νῦν ὑφʼ ἡμῶν λεγόμενα.
And that what has now been said by us is true, anyone might say if they recalled and compared the disasters thought to have been the greatest in Greece with what is now being said by us.

Notes

  1. §38.1.2ὡς — The conjunction ὡς is used after the comparative οἰκειότερον (more appropriately) to introduce the standard of comparison, equivalent to the standard ἤ (than). The overall syntax means "one could not apply the name more appropriately to any of the former failures than to the events (ὡς τοῖς...) that occurred in our time."
  2. §38.1.3ἀφʼ ὧν ... ἐφʼ οἷς — These are examples of attraction, where the relative pronouns are attracted to the case of their omitted demonstrative antecedents; ἀφʼ ὧν stands for ἀπὸ τούτων ἃ (from what they suffered), and ἐφʼ οἷς for ἐπὶ τούτοις ἃ (for what they did). In addition, the subject of the infinitive ἠτυχηκέναι dependent on νομίσειε is the accusative τοὺς Ἕλληνας supplied from the preceding clause.
  3. §38.1.4δοκοῦντος γοῦν μεγίστου πάθους γεγονέναι τοῦ περὶ τοὺς Καρχηδονίους — A genitive absolute construction. The noun phrase τοῦ περὶ τοὺς Καρχηδονίους [πάθους] acts as the subject and the participle δοκοῦντος as the predicate, expressing a concessive sense: "although the disaster concerning the Carthaginians is thought to have been the greatest."
  4. §38.1.7καθʼ ὅσον ... κατὰ τοσοῦτο — A correlative expression of proportion or degree, meaning "to the same extent as... to that extent...". It equates the degree of pitiableness between the first comparison (those living in punishment vs those dying in the midst of terrors) and the second comparison (the catastrophes of the Greeks vs those of the Carthaginians).

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §38.1.1-38.1.9. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:38.1.1-38.1.9

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