Humanitext Reader

Polybius · The Histories §12.4c.1-12.4c.5

The Importance of Inquiry in Historical Writing

Passage 739 of 1311 · Greek

Summary

Polybius criticizes Timaeus's erroneous interpretation of the Roman horse sacrifice and argues for the vital importance of "inquiry" in historical writing to investigate events that cannot be witnessed directly.

§12.4c.1ἐκ τῆς τοῦ ζῴου πτώσεως.
...from the fall of the animal.
ὁ δὲ Τίμαιος περὶ τοῦτο τὸ μέρος τῆς ἀλογίας οὐ μόνον ἀπειρίαν, ἔτι δὲ μᾶλλον ὀψιμαθίαν δοκεῖ μοι πολλὴν ἐπιφαίνειν, ὅς γε, διότι θύουσιν ἵππον, εὐθέως ὑπέλαβε τοῦτο ποιεῖν αὐτοὺς διὰ τὸ τὴν Τροίαν ἀφʼ ἵππου δοκεῖν ἑαλωκέναι.
But Timaeus, in this part of his absurdity, seems to me to display not only ignorance but still more a great deal of late-learned pedantry, seeing that, because they sacrifice a horse, he straightway assumed they did this because Troy was believed to have been captured by means of a horse.
§12.4c.2πλὴν ὅτι γε κακῶς ἱστόρηκε καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν Λιβύην καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν Σαρδόνα, καὶ μάλιστα τὰ κατὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν, §12.4c.3ἐκ τούτων ἐστὶ συμφανές, καὶ καθόλου διότι τὸ περὶ τὰς ἀνακρίσεις μέρος ἐπισέσυρται παρʼ αὐτῷ τελέως· ὅπερ ἐστὶ κυριώτατον τῆς ἱστορίας.
Nevertheless, that he has written a mistaken history both of the affairs of Libya and of Sardinia, and most of all of those of Italy, is manifest from these facts, and in general because the department of inquiry has been completely neglected by him—which is the most essential part of history.
§12.4c.4ἐπειδὴ γὰρ αἱ μὲν πράξεις ἅμα πολλαχῇ συντελοῦνται, παρεῖναι δὲ τὸν αὐτὸν ἐν πλείοσι τόποις κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν καιρὸν ἀδύνατον, ὁμοίως γε μὴν οὐδʼ αὐτόπτην γενέσθαι πάντων τῶν κατὰ τὴν οἰκουμένην τόπων καὶ τῶν ἐν τοῖς τόποις ἰδιωμάτων τὸν ἕνα δυνατόν, §12.4c.5καταλείπεται πυνθάνεσθαι μὲν ὡς παρὰ πλείστων, πιστεύειν δὲ τοῖς ἀξίοις πίστεως, κριτὴν δʼ εἶναι τῶν προσπιπτόντων μὴ κακόν.
For since actions are performed in many places at once, and it is impossible for the same person to be present in several places at the same time, and likewise impossible for a single man to have been an eyewitness of all places in the inhabited world and of the peculiarities of those places, there remains nothing but to inquire from as many people as possible, to believe those worthy of belief, and to be no bad judge of the reports that come to hand.

Notes

  1. 12.4c.1ἐκ τῆς τοῦ ζῴου πτώσεως — This phrase is an adverbial modifier directly qualifying "σημειούμενοι τὸ μέλλον" (taking omens for the future) in the previous section (12.4b.3), showing a grammatical continuation across the chapter division.
  2. 12.4c.1ὅς γε — A relative pronoun with causal force ("seeing that he...", "inasmuch as he..."), indicating the reason for the writer's judgment.
  3. 12.4c.2πλὴν ὅτι γε — Used as an introductory conjunction, introducing a noun clause ("that he has written a mistaken history...") which serves as the subject of the subsequent "ἐκ τούτων ἐστὶ συμφανές" (is manifest from these facts).
  4. 12.4c.5καταλείπεται — Functions as an impersonal verb, taking the three infinitives (πυνθάνεσθαι, πιστεύειν, εἶναι) as its subject, meaning "it remains [for us] to...".

Cite this passage

Polybius, The Histories §12.4c.1-12.4c.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0543.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:12.4c.1-12.4c.5

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