§28ἂν ἔργον εἴη καταλέξαι·
it would be a great task to enumerate.
ὃ δὲ μέγιστον σημεῖον τοῦ πλήθους· ἐξὸν γὰρ αὐτῷ χιλίαις ναυσὶ διαβιβάσαι κατὰ τὸ στενότατον τοῦ Ἑλλησπόντου τὴν πεζὴν στρατιὰν ἐκ τῆς Ἀσίας εἰς τὴν Εὐρώπην, οὐκ ἠθέλησεν, ἡγούμενος τὴν διατριβὴν αὑτῷ
But this is the greatest proof of their multitude: although it was possible for him to transport his infantry army from Asia to Europe with a thousand ships at the narrowest part of the Hellespont, he did not wish to do so, thinking that for him the delay would be great.
§29πολλὴν ἔσεσθαι· ἀλλʼ ὑπεριδὼν καὶ τὰ φύσει πεφυκότα καὶ τὰ θεῖα πράγματα καὶ τὰς ἀνθρωπίνας διανοίας ὁδὸν μὲν διὰ τῆς θαλάττης ἐποιήσατο, πλοῦν δὲ διὰ τῆς γῆς ἠνάγκασε γενέσθαι, ζεύξας μὲν τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον, διορύξας δὲ τὸν Ἄθω, ὑφισταμένου οὐδενός, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν ἀκόντων ὑπακουόντων, τῶν δὲ ἑκόντων προδιδόντων.
Instead, having despised both the natural laws, divine matters, and human designs, he made a road through the sea, and forced a voyage to be made through the land, by bridging the Hellespont and digging through Athos, with no one resisting, but some obeying unwillingly, and others betraying willingly.
οἱ μὲν γὰρ οὐχ ἱκανοὶ ἦσαν ἀμύνασθαι, οἱ δʼ ὑπὸ χρημάτων διεφθαρμένοι· ἀμφότερα δʼ ἦν αὐτοὺς τὰ πείθοντα, §30κέρδος καὶ δέος.
For some were not capable of warding them off, and others were corrupted by money; and both were the things that persuaded them, profit and fear.
Ἀθηναῖοι δʼ οὕτω διακειμένης τῆς Ἑλλάδος αὐτοὶ μὲν εἰς τὰς ναῦς ἐμβάντες ἐπʼ Ἀρτεμίσιον ἐβοήθησαν, Λακεδαιμόνιοι δὲ καὶ τῶν συμμάχων ἔνιοι εἰς Θερμοπύλας ἀπήντησαν, ἡγούμενοι διὰ τὴν στενότητα τῶν χωρίων τὴν πάροδον οἷοί τʼ ἔσεσθαι διαφυλάξαι.
With Greece being in this condition, the Athenians themselves embarked on their ships and went to the rescue at Artemisium, while the Lacedaemonians and some of the allies met the enemy at Thermopylae, thinking that because of the narrowness of the places they would be able to guard the passage.
§31γενομένου δὲ τοῦ κινδύνου κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν χρόνον Ἀθηναῖοι μὲν ἐνίκων τῇ ναυμαχίᾳ, Λακεδαιμόνιοι δέ, οὐ ταῖς ψυχαῖς ἐνδεεῖς γενόμενοι, ἀλλὰ τοῦ πλήθους ψευσθέντες καὶ οὓς φυλάξειν ᾤοντο καὶ πρὸς οὓς κινδυνεύσειν ἔμελλον, διεφθάρησαν οὐχ ἡττηθέντες τῶν ἐναντίων, ἀλλʼ ἀποθανόντες §32οὗπερ ἐτάχθησαν μάχεσθαι·
When the danger arose at the same time, the Athenians indeed won in the sea-fight, but the Lacedaemonians, not because they proved deficient in courage, but because they were deceived both as to the multitude and as to those whom they thought they would guard and against whom they were to face danger, were destroyed, not because they were defeated by their opponents, but by dying where they had been ordered to fight.
τούτῳ δὲ τῷ τρόπῳ τῶν μὲν δυστυχησάντων, τῶν δὲ τῆς παρόδου κρατησάντων, οἱ μὲν ἐπορεύοντο ἐπὶ τήνδε τὴν πόλιν, οἱ δʼ ἡμέτεροι πρόγονοι πυθόμενοι μὲν τὴν γεγενημένην Λακεδαιμονίοις συμφοράν, ἀποροῦντες δὲ τοῖς περιεστηκόσι πράγμασιν, εἰδότες δʼ ὅτι, εἰ μὲν κατὰ γῆν τοῖς βαρβάροις ἀπαντήσονται, ἐπιπλεύσαντες χιλίαις ναυσὶν ἐρήμην τὴν πόλιν λήψονται, εἰ δὲ εἰς τὰς τριήρεις ἐμβήσονται, ὑπὸ τῆς πεζῆς στρατιᾶς ἁλώσονται, ἀμφότερα δὲ οὐ δυνήσονται, ἀμύνασθαί τε καὶ φυλακὴν ἱκανὴν καταλιπεῖν,
In this manner, while one side met with misfortune and the other side gained control of the passage, the enemy marched against this city.
§33δυοῖν δὲ προκειμένοιν, πότερον χρὴ τὴν πατρίδα ἐκλιπεῖν ἢ μετὰ τῶν βαρβάρων γενομένους καταδουλώσασθαι τοὺς Ἕλληνας, ἡγησάμενοι κρεῖττον εἶναι μετʼ ἀρετῆς καὶ πενίας καὶ φυγῆς ἐλευθερίαν ἢ μετʼ ὀνείδους καὶ πλούτου δουλείαν τῆς πατρίδος, ἐξέλιπον ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἑλλάδος τὴν πόλιν, ἵνʼ ἐν μέρει πρὸς ἑκατέραν ἀλλὰ μὴ πρὸς ἀμφοτέρας ἅμα τὰς δυνάμεις κινδυνεύσωσιν·
But our ancestors, hearing of the disaster that had befallen the Lacedaemonians and being at a loss in the surrounding circumstances, yet knowing that if they met the barbarians by land, the enemy would sail with a thousand ships and take the city empty, while if they embarked on the triremes, they would be captured by the land army, and that they would not be able to do both, namely to ward them off and to leave a sufficient guard, and two choices being set before them, whether it was necessary to leave their fatherland or to join the barbarians and enslave the Greeks, they, believing that freedom with virtue, poverty, and exile was better than slavery of their fatherland with disgrace and wealth, left their city on behalf of Greece, so that they might face danger against each of the forces in turn, and not against both at the same time.
§34ὑπεκθέμενοι δὲ παῖδας καὶ γυναῖκας καὶ μητέρας εἰς Σαλαμῖνα, συνήθροιζον καὶ τὸ τῶν ἄλλων συμμάχων ναυτικόν.
And having evacuated their children, wives, and mothers to Salamis, they gathered also the navy of the other allies.
οὐ πολλαῖς δʼ ὕστερον ἡμέραις ἦλθε καὶ ἡ πεζὴ στρατιὰ καὶ τὸ ναυτικὸν τὸ τῶν βαρβάρων, ὃ τίς οὐκ ἂν ἰδὼν ἐφοβήθη, ὡς μέγας καὶ δεινὸς τῇδε τῇ πόλει κίνδυνος ὑπὲρ τῆς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἐλευθερίας ἠγωνίσθη;
Not many days later, both the land army and the navy of the barbarians arrived; which who on seeing it would not have feared, seeing how great and terrible a danger was contested for this city on behalf of the freedom of the Greeks?
§35ποίαν δὲ γνώμην εἶχον ἢ οἱ θεώμενοι τοὺς ἐν ταῖς ναυσὶν ἐκείναις, οὔσης καὶ τῆς αὑτῶν σωτηρίας ἀπίστου καὶ τοῦ προσιόντος κινδύνου, ἢ οἱ μέλλοντες ναυμαχήσειν ὑπὲρ τῆς φιλότητος, ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄθλων τῶν ἐν Σαλαμῖνι;
And what kind of mind had either those who were watching the men in those ships, while both their own salvation was doubtful and the danger was approaching, or those who were about to fight the sea-battle for their loved ones, for the prizes in Salamis?
§36οἷς τοσοῦτον πανταχόθεν περιειστήκει πλῆθος πολεμίων, ὥστε ἐλάχιστον μὲν αὐτοῖς εἶναι τῶν παρόντων κακῶν τὸ θάνατον τὸν αὑτῶν προειδέναι, μεγίστην δὲ συμφοράν, ἃ ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων εὐτυχησάντων τοὺς ὑπεκτεθέντας ἤλπιζον πείσεσθαι.
To whom so great a multitude of enemies stood around from all sides, that it was the least of their present evils to foresee their own death, but the greatest misfortune was what they expected those who had been evacuated to suffer at the hands of the barbarians if they succeeded.
§37ἦ που διὰ τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν ἀπορίαν πολλάκις μὲν ἐδεξιώσαντο ἀλλήλους, εἰκότως δὲ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς ὠλοφύραντο, εἰδότες μὲν τὰς σφετέρας ναῦς ὀλίγας οὔσας, ὁρῶντες δὲ πολλὰς τὰς τῶν πολεμίων, ἐπιστάμενοι δὲ τὴν μὲν πόλιν ἠρημωμένην, τὴν δὲ χώραν πορθουμένην καὶ μεστὴν τῶν βαρβάρων, ἱερῶν δὲ καιομένων, ἁπάντων δʼ ἐγγὺς ὄντων τῶν δεινῶν, §38ἀκούοντες δʼ ἐν ταὐτῷ συμμεμειγμένου Ἑλληνικοῦ καὶ βαρβαρικοῦ παιῶνος, παρακελευσμοῦ δʼ ἀμφοτέρων καὶ κραυγῆς τῶν διαφθειρομένων, καὶ τῆς θαλάττης μεστῆς τῶν νεκρῶν, καὶ πολλῶν μὲν συμπιπτόντων καὶ φιλίων καὶ πολεμίων ναυαγίων, ἀντιπάλου δὲ πολὺν χρόνον οὔσης τῆς ναυμαχίας δοκοῦντες τοτὲ μὲν νενικηκέναι καὶ σεσῶσθαι, τοτὲ δʼ ἡττῆσθαι καὶ ἀπολωλέναι.
Surely because of the existing helplessness they often clasped hands with one another, and naturally lamented themselves, knowing indeed that their own ships were few, seeing those of the enemy were many, knowing that their city was deserted, their land plundered and full of the barbarians, their temples burning, and all terrible things being near, and hearing at the same time a mingled Greek and barbarian paean, and the encouragement of both and the shriek of those being destroyed, and the sea full of corpses, and many shipwrecks, both friendly and hostile, colliding, and the sea-fight being equal for a long time, thinking at one moment that they had conquered and were saved, and at another that they had been defeated and were lost.