§19νόμῳ τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς τιμῶντες καὶ τοὺς κακοὺς κολάζοντες, ἡγησάμενοι θηρίων μὲν ἔργον εἶναι ὑπʼ ἀλλήλων βίᾳ κρατεῖσθαι, ἀνθρώποις δὲ προσήκειν νόμῳ μὲν ὁρίσαι τὸ δίκαιον, λόγῳ δὲ πεῖσαι, ἔργῳ δὲ τούτοις ὑπηρετεῖν, ὑπὸ νόμου μὲν βασιλευομένους, ὑπὸ λόγου δὲ διδασκομένους.
They honored the good and punished the bad by law, deeming it the beastly part to be ruled by one another through force, but that it becomes men to define justice by law, to persuade by reason, and to serve these in deed, being ruled by law and instructed by reason.
§20καὶ γάρ τοι καὶ φύντες καλῶς καὶ γνόντες ὅμοια, πολλὰ μὲν καλὰ καὶ θαυμαστὰ οἱ πρόγονοι τῶν ἐνθάδε κειμένων εἰργάσαντο, ἀείμνηστα δὲ καὶ μεγάλα καὶ πανταχοῦ οἱ ἐξ ἐκείνων γεγονότες τρόπαια διὰ τὴν αὑτῶν ἀρετὴν κατέλιπον.
And indeed, being well-born and having the same resolve, the ancestors of those who lie here performed many noble and wondrous deeds, and their descendants left behind imperishable, great, and ubiquitous trophies of victory through their own virtue.
μόνοι γὰρ ὑπὲρ ἁπάσης τῆς Ἑλλάδος πρὸς πολλὰς μυριάδας τῶν βαρβάρων διεκινδύνευσαν.
For they alone risked danger on behalf of all Greece against many tens of thousands of the barbarians.
§21ὁ γὰρ τῆς Ἀσίας βασιλεὺς οὐκ ἀγαπῶν τοῖς ὑπάρχουσιν ἀγαθοῖς, ἀλλʼ ἐλπίζων καὶ τὴν Εὐρώπην δουλώσεσθαι, ἔστειλε πεντήκοντα μυριάδας στρατιάν.
For the king of Asia, not content with his existing blessings, but hoping to enslave Europe as well, dispatched an army of five hundred thousand.
ἡγησάμενοι δέ, εἰ τήνδε τὴν πόλιν ἢ ἑκοῦσαν φίλην ποιήσαιντο ἢ ἄκουσαν καταστρέψαιντο, ῥαδίως τῶν πολλῶν Ἑλλήνων ἄρξειν, ἀπέβησαν εἰς Μαραθῶνα, νομίσαντες οὕτως ἂν ἐρημοτάτους εἶναι συμμάχων, εἰ ἔτι στασιαζούσης τῆς Ἑλλάδος ᾧ τινι χρὴ τρόπῳ τοὺς ἐπιόντας ἀμύνασθαι, τὸν κίνδυνον ποιήσαιντο.
And believing that if they made this city a friend willingly, or subdued it unwillingly, they would easily rule the rest of the Greeks, they landed at Marathon, thinking that they would thus find them most destitute of allies, if they should bring on the danger while Greece was still in dispute as to how they ought to ward off the invaders.
§22ἔτι δʼ αὐτοῖς ἐκ τῶν προτέρων ἔργων περὶ τῆς πόλεως τοιαύτη δόξα παρειστήκει, ὡς εἰ μὲν πρότερον ἐπʼ ἄλλην πόλιν ἴασιν, ἐκείνοις καὶ Ἀθηναίοις πολεμήσουσι· προθύμως γὰρ τοῖς ἀδικουμένοις ἥξουσι βοηθήσοντες· εἰ δʼ ἐνθάδε πρῶτον ἀφίξονται, οὐδένας ἄλλους τῶν Ἑλλήνων τολμήσειν ἑτέρους σῴζοντας φανερὰν ἔχθραν πρὸς ἐκείνους ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν καταθέσθαι.
Furthermore, such an opinion concerning the city had established itself in their minds from her former deeds, that if they went against another city first, they would have to fight both them and the Athenians—for the latter would eagerly come to the rescue of those who were wronged; but if they arrived here first, no others of the Greeks would dare, by saving their fellows, to contract an open enmity with them on their behalf.
§23οἱ μὲν τοίνυν ταῦτα διενοοῦντο· οἱ δʼ ἡμέτεροι πρόγονοι οὐ λογισμῷ εἰδότες τοὺς ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ κινδύνους, ἀλλὰ νομίζοντες τὸν εὐκλεᾶ θάνατον ἀθάνατον περὶ τῶν ἀγαθῶν καταλείπειν λόγον, οὐκ ἐφοβήθησαν τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ἐναντίων, ἀλλὰ τῇ αὑτῶν ἀρετῇ μᾶλλον ἐπίστευσαν.
The enemy, then, were of this mind; but our ancestors, not calculating the dangers in war, but believing that a glorious death leaves behind an immortal memory of the brave, did not fear the multitude of their opponents, but trusted rather in their own virtue.
καὶ αἰσχυνόμενοι ὅτι ἦσαν οἱ βάρβαροι αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ, οὐκ ἀνέμειναν πυθέσθαι οὐδὲ βοηθῆσαι τοὺς συμμάχους, οὐδʼ ᾠήθησαν δεῖν ἑτέροις τῆς σωτηρίας χάριν εἰδέναι, ἀλλὰ σφίσιν αὐτοῖς τοὺς ἄλλους Ἕλληνας.
And feeling ashamed that the barbarians were in their country, they did not wait to hear from or be aided by their allies, nor did they think they ought to owe thanks to others for their salvation, but rather that the other Greeks should owe thanks to them.
§24ταῦτα μιᾷ γνώμῃ πάντες γνόντες ἀπήντων ὀλίγοι πρὸς πολλούς· ἐνόμιζον γὰρ ἀποθανεῖν μὲν αὐτοῖς μετὰ πάντων προσήκειν, ἀγαθοὺς δʼ εἶναι μετʼ ὀλίγων, καὶ τὰς μὲν ψυχὰς ἀλλοτρίας διὰ τὸν θάνατον κεκτῆσθαι, τὴν δʼ ἐκ τῶν κινδύνων μνήμην ἰδίαν καταλείψειν.
Having all resolved this with one mind, they met the enemy, few against many; for they believed that while dying belonged to them in common with all men, being brave belonged only to a few, and that while they possessed their souls as things alien to them because of death, they would leave behind the memory arising from dangers as their own.
ἠξίουν δέ, οὓς μὴ μόνοι νικῷεν, οὐδʼ ἂν μετὰ τῶν συμμάχων δύνασθαι· καὶ ἡττηθέντες μὲν ὀλίγῳ τῶν ἄλλων προαπολεῖσθαι, νικήσαντες δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ἐλευθερώσειν.
And they deemed that those whom they could not defeat alone, they would not be able to defeat even with their allies; and if they were defeated, they would perish slightly before the others, but if they won, they would free the others as well.
§25ἄνδρες δʼ ἀγαθοὶ γενόμενοι, καὶ τῶν μὲν σωμάτων ἀφειδήσαντες, ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς ἀρετῆς οὐ φιλοψυχήσαντες, καὶ μᾶλλον τοὺς παρʼ αὑτοῖς νόμους αἰσχυνόμενοι ἢ τὸν πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους κίνδυνον φοβούμενοι, ἔστησαν μὲν τρόπαιον ὑπὲρ τῆς Ἑλλάδος τῶν βαρβάρων ἐν τῇ αὑτῶν, ὑπὲρ χρημάτων εἰς τὴν ἀλλοτρίαν ἐμβαλόντων,
And proving themselves brave men, not sparing their bodies, and not clinging to life for the sake of virtue, and feeling more shame before their own laws than they feared the danger against the enemy, they set up a trophy on behalf of Greece over the barbarians in their own land, who had invaded the foreign country for the sake of wealth, by the borders of their country.
§26παρὰ τοὺς ὅρους τῆς χώρας, οὕτω δὲ διὰ ταχέων τὸν κίνδυνον ἐποιήσαντο, ὥστε οἱ αὐτοὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀπήγγειλαν τήν τʼ ἐνθάδε ἄφιξιν τῶν βαρβάρων καὶ τὴν νίκην τῶν προγόνων.
And they underwent the danger so rapidly that the very same messengers announced to the other Greeks both the arrival of the barbarians here and the victory of our ancestors.
καὶ γάρ τοι οὐδεὶς τῶν ἄλλων ἔδεισεν ὑπὲρ τοῦ μέλλοντος κινδύνου, ἀλλʼ ἀκούσαντες ὑπὲρ τῆς αὑτῶν ἐλευθερίας ἥσθησαν.
And indeed, none of the others feared the impending danger, but on hearing the news, they rejoiced for their own freedom.
ὥστε οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν, πάλαι τῶν ἔργων γεγενημένων, ὥσπερ καινῶν ὄντων ἔτι καὶ νῦν τὴν ἀρετὴν αὐτῶν ὑπὸ πάντων ἀνθρώπων ζηλοῦσθαι.
So it is no wonder that, though the deeds were done long ago, their virtue is still emulated even now by all men as if it were fresh.
§27μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ Ξέρξης ὁ τῆς Ἀσίας βασιλεύς, καταφρονήσας μὲν τῆς Ἑλλάδος, ἐψευσμένος δὲ τῆς ἐλπίδος, ἀτιμαζόμενος δὲ τῷ γεγενημένῳ, ἀχθόμενος δὲ τῇ συμφορᾷ, ὀργιζόμενος δὲ τοῖς αἰτίοις, ἀπαθὴς δʼ ὢν κακῶν καὶ ἄπειρος ἀνδρῶν ἀγαθῶν, δεκάτῳ ἔτει παρασκευασάμενος διακοσίαις μὲν καὶ χιλίαις ναυσὶν ἀφίκετο, τῆς δὲ πεζῆς στρατιᾶς οὕτως ἄπειρον τὸ πλῆθος ἦγεν, ὥστε καὶ τὰ ἔθνη τὰ μετʼ αὐτοῦ ἀκολουθήσαντα πολὺ
After this, Xerxes, the king of Asia, having despised Greece, but disappointed in his hope, being disgraced by what had happened, vexed by the disaster, and angry with those responsible, and being unaccustomed to misfortunes and inexperienced with brave men, in the tenth year prepared and arrived with twelve hundred ships, and led a multitude of land forces so countless that even the nations that followed with him were extremely