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Pausanias · Description of Greece §8.46.1-8.46.5

Removal of Athena's Statue by Augustus and Historical Precedents

Passage 356 of 465 · Greek

Summary

Pausanias explains that Augustus took the ancient statue of Athena Alea and the tusks of the Calydonian boar to Rome, justifying this act by showing through historical examples that taking statues from the defeated was a long-established custom among both Greeks and barbarians.

§8.46.1τῆς δὲ Ἀθηνᾶς τὸ ἄγαλμα τῆς Ἀλέας τὸ ἀρχαῖον, σὺν δὲ αὐτῇ καὶ ὑὸς τοῦ Καλυδωνίου τοὺς ὀδόντας ἔλαβεν ὁ Ῥωμαίων βασιλεὺς Αὔγουστος, Ἀντώνιον πολέμῳ καὶ τὸ Ἀντωνίου νικήσας συμμαχικόν, ἐν ᾧ καὶ οἱ Ἀρκάδες πλὴν Μαντινέων ἦσαν οἱ ἄλλοι.
The Roman emperor Augustus took the ancient statue of Athena Alea, and with it also the tusks of the Calydonian boar, after defeating Antony in war along with Antony's allied army, in which the other Arcadians were also present, except for the Mantineans.
§8.46.2φαίνεται δὲ οὐκ ἄρξας ὁ Αὔγουστος ἀναθήματα καὶ ἕδη θεῶν ἀπάγεσθαι παρὰ τῶν κρατηθέντων, καθεστηκότι δὲ ἐκ παλαιοῦ χρησάμενος.
It is clear that Augustus was not the first to begin carrying away offerings and statues of the gods from those who had been defeated, but that he followed a long-established custom.
Ἰλίου τε γὰρ ἁλούσης καὶ νεμομένων τὰ λάφυρα Ἑλλήνων, Σθενέλῳ τῷ Καπανέως τὸ ξόανον τοῦ Διὸς ἐδόθη τοῦ Ἑρκείου· καὶ ἔτεσιν ὕστερον πολλοῖς Δωριέων ἐς Σικελίαν ἐσοικιζομένων, Ἀντίφημος ὁ Γέλας οἰκιστὴς πόλισμα Σικανῶν Ὀμφάκην πορθήσας μετεκόμισεν ἐς Γέλαν ἄγαλμα ὑπὸ Δαιδάλου πεποιημένον.
For when Ilium was captured and the Greeks were dividing the spoils, the wooden statue of Zeus Herceius was given to Sthenelus, son of Capaneus; and many years later, when the Dorians were colonizing Sicily, Antiphemus, the founder of Gela, after sacking Omphace, a town of the Sicanians, carried away to Gela a statue made by Daedalus.
§8.46.3βασιλέα τε τῶν Περσῶν Ξέρξην τὸν Δαρείου, χωρὶς ἢ ὅσα ἐξεκόμισε τοῦ Ἀθηναίων ἄστεως, τοῦτο μὲν ἐκ Βραυρῶνος καὶ ἄγαλμα ἴσμεν τῆς Βραυρωνίας λαβόντα Ἀρτέμιδος, τοῦτο δὲ αἰτίαν ἐπενεγκὼν Μιλησίοις, ἐθελοκακῆσαι σφᾶς ἐναντία Ἀθηναίων ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι ναυμαχήσαντας, τὸν χαλκοῦν ἔλαβεν Ἀπόλλωνα τὸν ἐν Βραγχίδαις·
And we know that the Persian king Xerxes, son of Darius, apart from all that he carried away from the city of Athens, took on the one hand the statue of Brauronian Artemis from Brauron, and on the other hand, bringing a charge against the Milesians that they had fought half-heartedly in the sea-fight against the Athenians in Greece, took the bronze Apollo that was at Branchidae.
καὶ τὸν μὲν ὕστερον ἔμελλε χρόνῳ Σέλευκος καταπέμψειν Μιλησίοις, Ἀργείοις δὲ τὰ ἐκ Τίρυνθος ἔτι καὶ ἐς ἐμὲ τὸ μὲν παρὰ τῇ Ἥρᾳ ξόανον, τὸ δὲ ἐν τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνός ἐστιν ἀνακείμενον τοῦ Λυκίου·
The latter statue Seleucus was in later times to send back to the Milesians; while for the Argives, what was taken from Tiryns remains dedicated even to my day, the one being a wooden statue at the sanctuary of Hera, and the other in the temple of Lycian Apollo.
§8.46.4Κυζικηνοί τε, ἀναγκάσαντες πολέμῳ Προκοννησίους γενέσθαι σφίσι συνοίκους, Μητρὸς Δινδυμήνης ἄγαλμα ἔλαβον ἐκ Προκοννήσου· τὸ δὲ ἄγαλμά ἐστι χρυσοῦ, καὶ αὐτοῦ τὸ πρόσωπον ἀντὶ ἐλέφαντος ἵππων τῶν ποταμίων ὀδόντες εἰσὶν εἰργασμένοι.
The Cyzicenes also, having forced the Proconnesians by war to become their fellow-citizens, took the statue of the Dindymene Mother from Proconnesus; this statue is made of gold, and its face, instead of ivory, is crafted from the teeth of river horses.
βασιλεὺς μὲν δὴ Αὔγουστος καθεστηκότα ἐκ παλαιοῦ καὶ ὑπό τε Ἑλλήνων νομιζόμενα καὶ βαρβάρων εἰργάσατο· Ῥωμαίοις δὲ τῆς Ἀθηνᾶς τὸ ἄγαλμα τῆς Ἀλέας ἐς τὴν ἀγορὰν τὴν ὑπὸ Αὐγούστου ποιηθεῖσαν, ἐς ταύτην ἐστὶν ἰόντι.
Thus the emperor Augustus did what was long-established and recognized as customary both by Greeks and barbarians; and for the Romans, the statue of Athena Alea is in the forum built by Augustus, as one enters it.
§8.46.5τοῦτο μὲν δὴ ἐνταῦθα ἀνάκειται ἐλέφαντος διὰ παντὸς πεποιημένον, τέχνη δὲ Ἐνδοίου·
This statue is dedicated there, made entirely of ivory, and is the work of Endoeus.
τοῦ δὲ ὑὸς τῶν ὀδόντων κατεᾶχθαι μὲν τὸν ἕτερόν φασιν οἱ ἐπὶ τοῖς θαύμασιν, ὁ δʼ ἔτι ἐξ αὐτῶν λειπόμενος ἀνέκειτο ἐν βασιλέως κήποις ἐν ἱερῷ Διονύσου, τὴν περίμετρον τοῦ μήκους παρεχόμενος ἐς ἥμισυ μάλιστα ὀργυιᾶς.
As for the tusks of the boar, those in charge of the wonders say that one of them has been broken, but the other one remaining from them was dedicated in the gardens of the emperor in a sanctuary of Dionysus, having a circumference of almost half an orguia.

Notes

  1. 8.46.2φαίνεται δὲ οὐκ ἄρξας ὁ Αὔγουστος — The verb φαίνεται is used with the participles ἄρξας and χρησάμενος (the construction of φαίνομαι with a participle), meaning 'it is clear or manifest that...' rather than 'it seems that...'. The phrase οὐκ ἄρξας ... ἀπάγεσθαι expresses the negation of initiating the practice, meaning 'Augustus was not the first to begin carrying away'.
  2. 8.46.3βασιλέα τε τῶν Περσῶν Ξέρξην ... λαβόντα ἴσμεν — This is an indirect discourse construction with the participle λαβόντα and the accusative subject Ξέρξην depending on the verb of knowing ἴσμεν (first-person plural of οἶδα). The main verb ἴσμεν, placed late in the sentence, governs the accusative and participle at the beginning, meaning 'we know that Xerxes took...'
  3. 8.46.4ἐς ταύτην ἐστὶν ἰόντι — The dative singular masculine present participle ἰόντι (from εἶμι, to go) is used as a dative of reference or direction, common in geographical descriptions, meaning 'for one who enters' or 'as you enter (it)'.

Cite this passage

Pausanias, Description of Greece §8.46.1-8.46.5. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:8.46.1-8.46.5

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