§5.3.8ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἡ φύσις τῆς χώρας παρέχεται τὰ εὐτυχήματα τῇ πόλει, προσέθεσαν δὲ Ῥωμαῖοι καὶ τὰ ἐκ τῆς προνοίας.
These, then, are the natural advantages which the nature of the country provides for the city, but the Romans added also those from foresight.
τῶν γὰρ Ἑλλήνων περὶ τὰς κτίσεις εὐστοχῆσαι μάλιστα δοξάντων, ὅτι κάλλους ἐστοχάζοντο καὶ ἐρυμνότητος καὶ λιμένων καὶ χώρας εὐφυοῦς, οὗτοι προὐνόησαν μάλιστα ὧν ὠλιγώρησαν ἐκεῖνοι, στρώσεως ὁδῶν καὶ ὑδάτων εἰσαγωγῆς καὶ ὑπονόμων τῶν δυναμένων ἐκκλύζειν τὰ λύματα τῆς πόλεως εἰς τὸν Τίβεριν.
For while the Greeks were thought to have been most successful in their foundations, because they aimed at beauty, strength of position, harbors, and a fertile country, these Romans took forethought especially for those things which those others neglected, namely, the paving of streets, the supply of water, and sewers capable of washing away the filth of the city into the Tiber.
ἔστρωσαν δὲ καὶ τὰς κατὰ τὴν χώραν ὁδούς, προσθέντες ἐκκοπάς τε λόφων καὶ ἐγχώσεις κοιλάδων, ὥστε τὰς ἁρμαμάξας δέχεσθαι πορθμείων φορτία· οἱ δʼ ὑπόνομοι συννόμῳ λίθῳ κατακαμφθέντες ὁδοὺς ἁμάξαις χόρτου πορευτὰς ἐνίας ἀπολελοίπασι.
They also paved the roads throughout the country, adding cuts through hills and embankments in valleys, so that wagons could receive the cargoes of transport vessels; and the sewers, vaulted with fitted stone, have in some places left ways passable for wagons of hay.
τοσοῦτον δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ εἰσαγώγιμον ὕδωρ διὰ τῶν ὑδραγωγίων, ὥστε ποταμοὺς διὰ τῆς πόλεως καὶ τῶν ὑπονόμων ῥεῖν, ἅπασαν δὲ οἰκίαν σχεδὸν δεξαμενὰς καὶ σίφωνας καὶ κρουνοὺς ἔχειν ἀφθόνους, ὧν πλείστην ἐπιμέλειαν ἐποιήσατο Μάρκος Ἀγρίππας, πολλοῖς καὶ ἄλλοις ἀναθήμασι κοσμήσας τὴν πόλιν.
And so great is the quantity of water introduced through the aqueducts that rivers flow through the city and the sewers, and almost every house has cisterns, service-pipes, and abundant fountains; of which Marcus Agrippa took the greatest care, having also adorned the city with many other dedications.
ὡς δʼ εἰπεῖν, οἱ παλαιοὶ μὲν τοῦ κάλλους τῆς Ῥώμης ὠλιγώρουν, πρὸς ἄλλοις μείζοσι καὶ ἀναγκαιοτέροις ὄντες· οἱ δʼ ὕστερον καὶ μάλιστα οἱ νῦν καὶ καθʼ ἡμᾶς οὐδὲ τούτου καθυστέρησαν, ἀλλʼ ἀναθημάτων πολλῶν καὶ καλῶν ἐπλήρωσαν τὴν πόλιν.
To speak generally, the ancients neglected the beauty of Rome, being intent upon other greater and more necessary matters; but those of later times, and especially those of today and in our own time, did not fall short in this either, but filled the city with many beautiful dedications.
καὶ γὰρ Πομπήιος καὶ ὁ θεὸς Καῖσαρ καὶ ὁ Σεβαστὸς καὶ οἱ τούτου παῖδες καὶ οἱ φίλοι καὶ γυνὴ καὶ ἀδελφὴ πᾶσαν ὑπερεβάλοντο σπουδὴν καὶ δαπάνην εἰς τὰς κατασκευάς· τούτων δὲ τὰ πλεῖστα ὁ Μάρτιος ἔχει κάμπος πρὸς τῇ φύσει προσλαβὼν καὶ τὸν ἐκ τῆς προνοίας κόσμον.
For indeed Pompey, the deified Caesar, Augustus, his sons, his friends, his wife, and his sister surpassed all zeal and expense in their constructions; and of these, the Campus Martius possesses the most, having received, in addition to its natural advantages, also the adornment of foresight.
καὶ γὰρ τὸ μέγεθος τοῦ πεδίου θαυμαστὸν ἅμα καὶ τὰς ἁρματοδρομίας καὶ τὴν ἄλλην ἱππασίαν ἀκώλυτον παρέχον τῷ τοσούτῳ πλήθει τῶν σφαίρᾳ καὶ κρίκῳ καὶ παλαίστρᾳ γυμναζομένων· καὶ τὰ περικείμενα ἔργα καὶ τὸ ἔδαφος ποάζον διʼ ἔτους καὶ τῶν λόφων στεφάναι τῶν ὑπὲρ τοῦ ποταμοῦ μέχρι τοῦ ῥείθρου σκηνογραφικὴν ὄψιν ἐπιδεικνύμεναι δυσαπάλλακτον παρέχουσι τὴν θέαν.
For the size of the plain is wonderful, and at the same time it provides unhindered space for chariot-races and other equestrian exercises for so great a multitude of those who exercise themselves with ball, hoop, and in wrestling; and the surrounding works, the ground which is green with grass throughout the year, and the crowns of the hills above the river, extending down to its bed, presenting a scenic view, make a spectacle from which it is hard to tear oneself away.
πλησίον δʼ ἐστὶ τοῦ πεδίου τούτου καὶ ἄλλο πεδίον καὶ στοαὶ κύκλῳ παμπληθεῖς καὶ ἄλση καὶ θέατρα τρία καὶ ἀμφιθέατρον καὶ ναοὶ πολυτελεῖς καὶ συνεχεῖς ἀλλήλοις, ὡς πάρεργον ἂν δόξαιεν ἀποφαίνειν τὴν ἄλλην πόλιν.
And near to this plain is another plain, and all around are countless porticoes, groves, three theaters, an amphitheater, and magnificent temples close to one another, so that they would seem to make the rest of the city appear a mere appendix.
διόπερ ἱεροπρεπέστατον νομίσαντες τοῦτον τὸν τόπον καὶ τὰ τῶν ἐπιφανεστάτων μνήματα ἐνταῦθα κατεσκεύασαν ἀνδρῶν καὶ γυναικῶν.
Therefore, considering this place most sacred, they constructed here the tombs of their most illustrious men and women.
ἀξιολογώτατον δὲ τὸ Μαυσώλειον καλούμενον, ἐπὶ κρηπῖδος ὑψηλῆς λευκολίθου πρὸς τῷ ποταμῷ χῶμα μέγα, ἄχρι κορυφῆς τοῖς ἀειθαλέσι τῶν δένδρων συνηρεφές· ἐπʼ ἄκρῳ μὲν οὖν εἰκών ἐστι χαλκῆ τοῦ Σεβαστοῦ Καίσαρος, ὑπὸ δὲ τῷ χώματι θῆκαί εἰσιν αὐτοῦ καὶ τῶν συγγενῶν καὶ οἰκείων, ὄπισθεν δὲ μέγα ἄλσος περιπάτους θαυμαστοὺς ἔχον· ἐν μέσῳ δὲ τῷ πεδίῳ ὁ τῆς καύστρας αὐτοῦ περίβολος καὶ οὗτος λίθου λευκοῦ, κύκλῳ μὲν περικείμενον ἔχων σιδηροῦν περίφραγμα, ἐντὸς δʼ αἰγείροις κατάφυτος.
The most noteworthy is that called the Mausoleum, a great mound on a high foundation of white stone near the river, shaded to its very summit with evergreen trees; upon the summit is a bronze statue of Augustus Caesar, and beneath the mound are the tombs of himself, his relatives, and his intimates; and behind it is a great grove containing wonderful walks; and in the middle of the plain is the enclosure of his ustrinum, this too of white stone, having an iron railing all around it, and planted inside with poplars.
πάλιν δʼ εἴ τις εἰς τὴν ἀγορὰν παρελθὼν τὴν ἀρχαίαν ἄλλην ἐξ ἄλλης ἴδοι παραβεβλημένην ταύτῃ καὶ βασιλικὰς στοὰς καὶ ναούς, ἴδοι δὲ καὶ τὸ Καπιτώλιον καὶ τὰ ἐνταῦθα ἔργα καὶ τὰ ἐν τῷ Παλατίῳ καὶ τῷ τῆς Λιβίας περιπάτῳ, ῥᾳδίως ἐκλάθοιτʼ ἂν τῶν ἔξωθεν.
Again, if one should pass into the ancient Forum, and see one forum after another laid out alongside it, and the basilicas, and temples; and if he should also see the Capitolium and the works there, and those on the Palatium and in the Walk of Livia, he would easily forget all that is outside.
τοιαύτη μὲν ἡ Ῥώμη.
Such, then, is Rome.