§5.3.7Ἐν δὲ τῇ μεσογαίᾳ πρώτη μὲν ὑπὲρ τῶν Ὠστίων ἐστὶν ἡ Ῥώμη, καὶ μόνη γε ἐπὶ τῷ Τιβέρει κεῖται· περὶ ἧς ὅτι πρὸς ἀνάγκην οὐ πρὸς αἵρεσιν ἔκτισται εἴρηται·
In the interior, the first city above Ostia is Rome, and indeed it is the only one situated on the Tiber; concerning which it has been said that it was founded by necessity and not by choice.
προσθετέον δʼ ὅτι οὐδʼ οἱ μετὰ ταῦτα προσκτίσαντές τινα μέρη κύριοι τοῦ βελτίονος ἦσαν, ἀλλʼ ἐδούλευον τοῖς προϋποκειμένοις.
But it must be added that not even those who afterwards built additional parts were masters of the better choice, but were slaves to the pre-existing conditions.
οἱ μέν γε πρῶτοι τὸ Καπιτώλιον καὶ τὸ Παλάτιον καὶ τὸν Κυρῖνον λόφον ἐτείχισαν, ὃς ἦν οὕτως εὐεπίβατος τοῖς ἔξωθεν ὥστʼ ἐξ ἐφόδου Τίτος Τάτιος εἷλεν ἐπελθών, ἡνίκα μετῄει τὴν τῶν ἁρπαγεισῶν παρθένων ὕβριν·
For the first founders walled the Capitolium, the Palatium, and the Quirinal hill, which was so easy to ascend from the outside that Titus Tatius captured it by assault when he came to avenge the outrage of the ravished maidens.
Ἄγκος δὲ Μάρκιος προσλαβὼν τὸ Καίλιον ὄρος καὶ τὸ Ἀβεντῖνον ὄρος καὶ τὸ μεταξὺ τούτων πεδίον, διηρτημένα καὶ ἀπʼ ἀλλήλων καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν προτετειχισμένων, προσέθηκεν ἀναγκαίως· οὔτε γὰρ οὕτως ἐρυμνοὺς λόφους ἔξω τείχους ἐᾶσαι τοῖς βουλομένοις ἐπιτειχίσματα καλῶς εἶχεν, οὔθʼ ὅλον ἐκπληρῶσαι τὸν κύκλον ἴσχυσε τὸν μέχρι τοῦ Κυρίνου.
Ancus Marcius, taking in the Caelian mount and the Aventine mount and the plain between them, which were separated both from each other and from the parts previously walled, added them of necessity; for it was neither well to leave such strong hills outside the wall to serve as fortresses for those who wished to attack, nor was he strong enough to complete the entire circuit as far as the Quirinal.
ἤλεγξε δὲ Σέρουιος τὴν ἔκλειψιν· ἀνεπλήρωσε γὰρ προσθεὶς τόν τε Ἠσκυλῖνον λόφον καὶ τὸν Ὀυιμίναλιν.
Servius, however, corrected this deficiency; for he filled it up by adding both the Esquiline hill and the Viminal.
καὶ ταῦτα δʼ εὐέφοδα τοῖς ἔξωθέν ἐστι· διόπερ τάφρον βαθεῖαν ὀρύξαντες εἰς τὸ ἐντὸς ἐδέξαντο τὴν γῆν, καὶ ἐξέτειναν ὅσον ἑξαστάδιον χῶμα ἐπὶ τῇ ἐντὸς ὀφρύι τῆς τάφρου, καὶ ἐπέβαλον τεῖχος καὶ πύργους ἀπὸ τῆς Κολλίνας πύλης μέχρι τῆς Ἠσκυλίνας.
But these too are easy of approach from the outside; wherefore, having dug a deep ditch, they threw up the earth on the inside and extended a mound of about six stadia along the inner brow of the ditch, and constructed a wall and towers from the Colline Gate as far as the Esquiline Gate.
ὑπὸ μέσῳ δὲ τῷ χώματι τρίτη ἐστὶ πύλη ὁμώνυμος τῷ Ὀυιμινάλι λόφῳ.
Under the middle of the mound is a third gate, homonymous with the Viminal hill.
τὸ μὲν οὖν ἔρυμα τοιοῦτόν ἐστι τὸ τῆς πόλεως, ἐρυμάτων ἑτέρων δεόμενον.
The fortification of the city, then, is of such a character, and stands in need of other fortifications.
καί μοι δοκοῦσιν οἱ πρῶτοι τὸν αὐτὸν λαβεῖν διαλογισμὸν περί τε σφῶν αὐτῶν καὶ περὶ τῶν ὕστερον, διότι Ῥωμαίοις προσῆκεν οὐκ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐρυμάτων ἀλλὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ὅπλων καὶ τῆς οἰκείας ἀρετῆς ἔχειν τὴν ἀσφάλειαν καὶ τὴν ἄλλην εὐπορίαν, προβλήματα νομίζοντες οὐ τὰ τείχη τοῖς ἀνδράσιν ἀλλὰ τοὺς ἄνδρας τοῖς τείχεσι.
And indeed, the first founders seem to me to have held the same view both for themselves and for their successors, namely that it was proper for the Romans to have their safety and general prosperity not from fortifications but from their arms and their own valor, believing that walls were not a defense for men, but men for walls.
κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν οὖν ἀλλοτρίας τῆς κύκλῳ χώρας οὔσης ἀγαθῆς τε καὶ πολλῆς, τοῦ δὲ τῆς πόλεως ἐδάφους εὐεπιχειρήτου, τὸ μακαρισθησόμενον οὐδὲν ἦν τοπικὸν εὐκλήρημα· τῇ δʼ ἀρετῇ καὶ τῷ πόνῳ τῆς χώρας οἰκείας γενομένης, ἐφάνη συνδρομή τις ἀγαθῶν ἅπασαν εὐφυΐαν ὑπερβάλλουσα, διʼ ἣν ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον αὐξηθεῖσα ἡ πόλις ἀντέχει τοῦτο μὲν τροφῇ τοῦτο δὲ ξύλοις καὶ λίθοις πρὸς τὰς οἰκοδομίας, ἃς ἀδιαλείπτους ποιοῦσιν αἱ συμπτώσεις καὶ ἐμπρήσεις καὶ μεταπράσεις, ἀδιάλειπτοι καὶ αὗται οὖσαι· καὶ γὰρ αἱ μεταπράσεις ἑκούσιοί τινες συμπτώσεις εἰσί, καταβαλλόντων καὶ ἀνοικοδομούντων πρὸς τὰς ἐπιθυμίας ἕτερα ἐξ ἑτέρων.
At the beginning, therefore, since the surrounding country was foreign, though rich and extensive, and the site of the city was easy to attack, there was no local advantage to be blessed; but when by valor and labor the country became their own, there appeared a certain concourse of blessings surpassing all natural advantages, through which the city, having increased to such an extent, holds out, on the one hand by means of food, and on the other by timber and stones for buildings, which are carried on without ceasing because of collapses, fires, and resales, which are themselves also unceasing; for indeed resales are a kind of voluntary collapses, as people pull down and rebuild one thing after another to suit their desires.
πρὸς ταῦτʼ οὖν τό τε τῶν μετάλλων πλῆθος καὶ ἡ ὕλη καὶ οἱ κατακομίζοντες ποταμοὶ θαυμαστὴν παρέχουσι τὴν ὑποχορηγίαν, πρῶτος μὲν Ἀνίων ἐξ Ἄλβας ῥέων τῆς πρὸς Μαρσοῖς Λατίνης πόλεως διὰ τοῦ ὑπʼ αὐτῇ πεδίου μέχρι τῆς πρὸς τὸν Τίβεριν συμβολῆς, ἔπειθʼ ὁ Νὰρ καὶ ὁ Τενέας οἱ διὰ τῆς Ὀμβρικῆς εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν καταφερόμενοι ποταμὸν τὸν Τίβεριν, διὰ δὲ Τυρρηνίας καὶ τῆς Κλουσίνης ὁ Κλάνις.
To meet these demands, therefore, the abundance of quarries, the timber, and the rivers that carry them down provide a wonderful supply; first the Anio, flowing from Alba, a Latin city near the Marsi, through the plain below it to its junction with the Tiber; then the Nar and the Teneas, which flow down through Umbria into the same river Tiber; and the Clanis through Tyrrhenia and the territory of Clusium.
ἐπεμελήθη μὲν οὖν ὁ Σεβαστὸς Καῖσαρ τῶν τοιούτων ἐλαττωμάτων τῆς πόλεως, πρὸς μὲν τὰς ἐμπρήσεις συντάξας στρατιωτικὸν ἐκ τῶν ἀπελευθεριωτῶν τὸ βοηθῆσον, πρὸς δὲ τὰς συμπτώσεις τὰ ὕψη τῶν καινῶν οἰκοδομημάτων καθελών, καὶ κωλύσας ἐξαίρειν ποδῶν ἑβδομήκοντα τὸ πρὸς ταῖς ὁδοῖς ταῖς δημοσίαις.
Now Augustus Caesar took care of such defects of the city, organizing a military force from the freedmen to assist against fires, and reducing the heights of new buildings to prevent collapses, and forbidding them to be raised above seventy feet along the public streets.
ἀλλʼ ὅμως ἐπέλειπεν ἂν ἡ ἐπανόρθωσις, εἰ μὴ τὰ μέταλλα καὶ ἡ ὕλη καὶ τὸ τῆς πορθμείας εὐμεταχείριστον ἀντεῖχε.
But nevertheless, the reformation would have failed if the quarries, the timber, and the easy management of the navigation had not held out.