§4.5.3δὶς δὲ διέβη Καῖσαρ εἰς τὴν νῆσον ὁ θεός, ἐπανῆλθε δὲ διὰ ταχέων οὐδὲν μέγα διαπραξάμενος οὐδὲ προελθὼν ἐπὶ πολὺ τῆς νήσου, διά τε τὰς ἐν τοῖς Κελτοῖς γενομένας στάσεις τῶν τε βαρβάρων καὶ τῶν οἰκείων στρατιωτῶν, καὶ διὰ τὸ πολλὰ τῶν πλοίων ἀπολέσθαι κατὰ τὴν πανσέληνον αὔξησιν λαβουσῶν τῶν ἀμπώτεων καὶ τῶν πλημμυρίδων.
The deified Caesar crossed over to the island twice, but returned in haste without having accomplished anything great or having advanced far into the island, both because of the disturbances that arose among the Celts on the part of the barbarians and his own soldiers, and because many of his ships were destroyed at the time of the full moon, when the ebbs and flows of the tide became larger.
δύο μέντοι ἢ τρεῖς νίκας ἐνίκησε τοὺς Βρεττανούς, καίπερ δύο τάγματα μόνον περαιώσας τῆς στρατιᾶς, καὶ ἀπήγαγεν ὅμηρά τε καὶ ἀνδράποδα καὶ τῆς ἄλλης λείας πλῆθος.
However, he won two or three victories over the Britons, although he had transported only two legions of his army, and brought away hostages, slaves, and a great quantity of other booty.
νυνὶ μέντοι τῶν δυναστῶν τινες τῶν αὐτόθι πρεσβεύσεσι καὶ θεραπείαις κατασκευασάμενοι τὴν πρὸς Καίσαρα τὸν Σεβαστὸν φιλίαν, ἀναθήματά τε ἀνέθηκαν ἐν τῷ Καπετωλίῳ καὶ οἰκείαν σχεδόν τι παρεσκεύασαν τοῖς Ῥωμαίοις ὅλην τὴν νῆσον·
Now, however, some of the chieftains there, having established friendship with Caesar Augustus by means of embassies and deferential attentions, have dedicated offerings in the Capitol and have made almost the whole island domestic to the Romans.
τέλη τε οὔπως ὑπομένουσι βαρέα τῶν τε εἰσαγομένων εἰς τὴν Κελτικὴν ἐκεῖθεν καὶ τῶν ἐξαγομένων ἐνθένδε (ταῦτα δʼ ἐστὶν ἐλεφάντινα ψάλια καὶ περιαυχένια καὶ λυγγούρια καὶ ὑαλᾶ σκεύη καὶ ἄλλος ῥῶπος τοιοῦτος), ὥστε μηδὲν δεῖν φρουρᾶς τῆς νήσου·
They also submit to duties that are by no means heavy on the goods imported thence into Celtica and on those exported hence (these are ivory rings and necklaces, amber beads, glassware, and other such trinkets), so that there is no need of a garrison for the island.
τοὐλάχιστον μὲν γὰρ ἑνὸς τάγματος χρῄζοι ἂν καὶ ἱππικοῦ τινος, ὥστε καὶ φόρους ἀπάγεσθαι παρʼ αὐτῶν, εἰς ἴσον δὲ καθίσταιτʼ ἂν τὸ ἀνάλωμα τῇ στρατιᾷ τοῖς προσφερομένοις χρήμασιν· ἀνάγκη γὰρ μειοῦσθαι τὰ τέλη φόρων ἐπιβαλλομένων, ἅμα δὲ καὶ κινδύνους ἀπαντᾶν τινας βίας ἐπαγομένης.
For it would require at least one legion and some cavalry to collect tribute from them, and the expense of the army would balance out with the revenue brought in; for it would be necessary for the duties to be reduced when tribute is imposed, and at the same time some dangers would be encountered if force is applied.
§4.5.4εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ ἄλλαι περὶ τὴν Βρεττανικὴν νῆσοι μικραί· μεγάλη δʼ ἡ Ἰέρνη πρὸς ἄρκτον αὐτῇ παραβεβλημένη, προμήκης μᾶλλον πλάτος ἔχουσα.
There are also other small islands around Britain, but Ierne is large, lying parallel to it towards the north, being longer than it is wide.
περὶ ἧς οὐδὲν ἔχομεν λέγειν σαφὲς πλὴν ὅτι ἀγριώτεροι τῶν Βρεττανῶν ὑπάρχουσιν οἱ κατοικοῦντες αὐτήν, ἀνθρωποφάγοι τε ὄντες καὶ πολυφάγοι, τούς τε πατέρας τελευτήσαντας κατεσθίειν ἐν καλῷ τιθέμενοι καὶ φανερῶς μίσγεσθαι ταῖς τε ἄλλαις γυναιξὶ καὶ μητράσι καὶ ἀδελφαῖς.
Concerning this island we have nothing certain to say except that its inhabitants are more savage than the Britons, since they are both man-eaters and heavy eaters, and they count it honorable to devour their deceased fathers and openly to have intercourse both with other women and with their mothers and sisters.
καὶ ταῦτα δʼ οὕτω λέγομεν ὡς οὐκ ἔχοντες ἀξιοπίστους μάρτυρας· καίτοι τό γε τῆς ἀνθρωποφαγίας καὶ Σκυθικὸν εἶναι λέγεται, καὶ ἐν ἀνάγκαις πολιορκητικαῖς καὶ Κελτοὶ καὶ Ἴβηρες καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους ποιῆσαι τοῦτο λέγονται.
But we say this in such a way as not having trustworthy witnesses; although the practice of cannibalism is said to be Scythian as well, and in cases of siege necessity both Celts, Iberians, and many others are said to have done this.
§4.5.5περὶ δὲ τῆς Θούλης ἔτι μᾶλλον ἀσαφὴς ἡ ἱστορία διὰ τὸν ἐκτοπισμόν· ταύτην γὰρ τῶν ὀνομαζομένων ἀρκτικωτάτην τιθέασιν.
Concerning Thule, the history is still more obscure because of its remote situation, for they place this as the northernmost of the named places.
ἃ δʼ εἴρηκε Πυθέας περί τε ταύτης καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν ταύτῃ τόπων ὅτι μὲν πέπλασται, φανερὸν ἐκ τῶν γνωριζομένων χωρίων· κατέψευσται γὰρ αὐτῶν τὰ πλεῖστα, ὥσπερ καὶ πρότερον εἴρηται, ὥστε δῆλός ἐστιν ἐψευσμένος μᾶλλον περὶ τῶν ἐκτετοπισμένων.
That what Pytheas has said concerning this and the other places in these parts is fabricated, is clear from the known regions; for most of his accounts of them are false, as has been said before, so that he is clearly lying even more concerning the extremely remote places.
πρὸς μέντοι τὰ οὐράνια καὶ τὴν μαθηματικὴν θεωρίαν ἱκανῶς δόξει κεχρῆσθαι τοῖς πράγμασι τοῖς τῇ κατεψυγμένῃ ζώνῃ πλησιάζουσι τὸ τῶν καρπῶν εἶναι τῶν ἡμέρων καὶ ζῴων τῶν μὲν ἀφορίαν παντελῆ τῶν δὲ σπάνιν, κέγχρῳ δὲ καὶ ἀγρίοις λαχάνοις καὶ καρποῖς καὶ ῥίζαις τρέφεσθαι· παρʼ οἷς δὲ σῖτος καὶ μέλι γίγνεται, καὶ τὸ πόμα ἐντεῦθεν ἔχειν·
However, with regard to heavenly phenomena and mathematical theory, he will seem to have made sufficient use of the facts: namely, that for those who approach the frozen zone there is an utter lack of cultivated fruits and of animals, or of some a scarcity, and that they feed on millet, wild vegetables, fruits, and roots; and where there is corn and honey, they have their drink from there also.
τὸν δὲ σῖτον, ἐπειδὴ τοὺς ἡλίους οὐκ ἔχουσι καθαρούς, ἐν οἴκοις μεγάλοις κόπτουσι, συγκομισθέντων δεῦρο τῶν σταχύων· αἱ γὰρ ἅλως ἄχρηστοι γίνονται διὰ τὸ ἀνήλιον καὶ τοὺς ὄμβρους.
As for the corn, since they do not have clear sunshine, they thresh it in large houses, having gathered the ears of corn thither; for the threshing-floors become useless because of the lack of sun and the rains.