§4.6.1μετὰ δὲ τὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν Ἄλπεων Κελτικὴν καὶ τὰ ἔθνη τὰ ἔχοντα τὴν χώραν ταύτην περὶ αὐτῶν τῶν Ἄλπεων λεκτέον καὶ τῶν κατοικούντων αὐτάς, ἔπειτα περὶ τῆς συμπάσης Ἰταλίας, φυλάττουσιν ἐν τῇ γραφῇ τὴν αὐτὴν τάξιν ἥνπερ δίδωσιν ἡ τῆς χώρας φύσις.
After Celtic territory beyond the Alps and the tribes that possess this land, we must speak of the Alps themselves and of their inhabitants, and then of the whole of Italy, keeping in our writing the same order as that which the nature of the country gives.
ἄρχονται μὲν οὖν αἱ Ἄλπεις οὐκ ἀπὸ Μονοίκου λιμένος, ὡς εἰρήκασί τινες, ἀλλʼ ἀπὸ τῶν αὐτῶν χωρίων ἀφʼ ὧνπερ καὶ τὰ Ἀπέννινα ὄρη κατὰ Γένουαν ἐμπόριον Λιγύων καὶ τὰ καλούμενα Σαβάτων ὀυάδα, ὅπερ ἐστὶ τενάγη· τὸ μὲν γὰρ Ἀπέννινον ἀπὸ Γενούας, αἱ δὲ Ἄλπεις ἀπὸ τῶν Σαβάτων ἔχουσι τὴν ἀρχήν· στάδιοι δʼ εἰσὶ μεταξὺ Γενούας καὶ Σαβάτων διακόσιοι πρὸς τοῖς ἑξήκοντα· μετὰ δὲ τριακοσίους πρὸς τοῖς ἑβδομήκοντα Ἀλβίγγαυνόν ἐστι πόλισμα, οἱ δʼ ἐνοικοῦντες Λίγυες Ἴγγαυνοι καλοῦνται· ἐντεῦθεν δʼ εἰς Μονοίκου λιμένα τετρακόσιοι καὶ ὀγδοήκοντα.
Now, the Alps begin not from the harbor of Monoecus, as some have said, but from the same regions from which the Apennine mountains also begin, near Genua, the emporium of the Ligurians, and the so-called Vada of Sabata, which is a marsh; for the Apennine has its beginning from Genua, and the Alps from Sabata; and the distance between Genua and Sabata is two hundred and sixty stadia; and after three hundred and seventy stadia is the town of Albingaunum, and the Ligurians who inhabit it are called Ingauni; and thence to the harbor of Monoecus is four hundred and eighty.
ἔν τε τῷ μεταξὺ πόλις εὐμεγέθης Ἄλβιον Ἰντεμέλιον καὶ οἱ κατοικοῦντες Ἰντεμέλιοι.
In the interval is Albion Intemelium, a town of considerable size, and the inhabitants are called Intemelii.
καὶ δὴ καὶ σημεῖον τίθενται τοῦ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀπὸ τῶν Σαβάτων εἶναι ταῖς Ἄλπεσιν ἐκ τῶν ὀνομάτων τούτων· τὰ γὰρ Ἄλπεια καλεῖσθαι πρότερον Ἄλβια, καθάπερ καὶ Ἀλπεινά.
And indeed, from these names they set down a proof that the Alps have their beginning from Sabata; for the Alpine mountains (Alpeia) were formerly called Albia, as well as Alpeina.
καὶ γὰρ νῦν ἔτι τὸ ἐν τοῖς Ἰάποσιν ὄρος ὑψηλὸν συνάπτον πως τῇ Ὄκρᾳ καὶ ταῖς Ἄλπεσιν Ἄλβιον λέγεσθαι, ὡς ἂν μέχρι δεῦρο τῶν Ἄλπεων ἐκτεταμένων.
For even now, the high mountain among the Iapodes, which joins in some way with Ocra and the Alps, is still called Albion, as if the Alps extended as far as this.
§4.6.2τῶν οὖν Λιγύων τῶν μὲν ὄντων Ἰγγαύνων τῶν δὲ Ἰντεμελίων, εἰκότως τὰς ἐποικίας αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ τὴν μὲν ὀνομάζεσθαι Ἄλβιον Ἰντεμέλιον οἷον Ἄλπειον, τὴν δὲ ἐπιτετμημένως μᾶλλον Ἀλβίγγαυνον.
Since, then, of the Ligurians some are Ingauni and others Intemelii, it is reasonable that of their settlements on the sea, the one should be called Albion Intemelium, as it were "Alpine", and the other more contractedly Albingaunum.
Πολύβιος δὲ προστίθησι τοῖς δυσὶ φύλοις τῶν Λιγύων τοῖς λεχθεῖσι τό τε τῶν Ὀξυβίων καὶ τὸ τῶν Δεκιητῶν.
Polybius adds to the two mentioned tribes of Ligurians those of the Oxybii and the Decietae.
ὅλως δὲ ἡ παραλία αὕτη πᾶσα μέχρι Τυρρηνίας ἐκ Μονοίκου λιμένος προσεχής τέ ἐστι καὶ ἀλίμενος πλὴν βραχέων ὅρμων καὶ ἀγκυροβολίων.
On the whole, all this coast from the harbor of Monoecus as far as Tyrrhenia is continuous and without harbors, except for short bays and anchorages.
ὑπέρκεινται δὲ οἱ τῶν ὀρῶν ἐξαίσιοι κρημνοὶ στενὴν ἀπολείποντες πρὸς θαλάττῃ πάροδον.
And the immense precipices of the mountains tower above, leaving a narrow passage next to the sea.
κατοικοῦσι δὲ Λίγυες ζῶντες ἀπὸ θρεμμάτων τὸ πλέον καὶ γάλακτος καὶ κριθίνου πόματος, νεμόμενοι τά τε πρὸς θαλάττῃ χωρία καὶ τὸ πλέον τὰ ὄρη.
The Ligurians inhabit it, living for the most part on livestock, milk, and a barley drink, occupying the districts by the sea and, for the most part, the mountains.
ἔχουσι δʼ ὕλην ἐνταῦθα παμπόλλην ναυπηγήσιμον καὶ μεγαλόδενδρον, ὥστʼ ἐνίων τοῦ πάχους τὴν διάμετρον ὀκτὼ ποδῶν εὑρίσκεσθαι· πολλὰ δὲ καὶ τῇ ποικιλίᾳ τῶν θυΐνων οὐκ ἔστι χείρω πρὸς τὰς τραπεζοποιίας.
They have there a very large amount of timber suitable for shipbuilding and with huge trees, so that the diameter of some in thickness is found to be eight feet; and many, in the variety of their grain, are not inferior to thyine wood for making tables.
ταῦτά τε δὴ κατάγουσιν εἰς τὸ ἐμπόριον τὴν Γένουαν καὶ θρέμματα καὶ δέρματα καὶ μέλι, ἀντιφορτίζονται δὲ ἔλαιον καὶ οἶνον τὸν ἐκ τῆς Ἰταλίας· ὁ δὲ παρʼ αὐτοῖς ὀλίγος ἐστί, πιττίτης αὐστηρός.
These, then, they bring down to their emporium, Genua, as well as livestock, hides, and honey, and they take in exchange olive oil and Italian wine; for their own wine is scarce, pitched and harsh.
ἐντεῦθεν δέ εἰσιν οἱ γίννοι λεγόμενοι ἵπποι τε καὶ ἡμίονοι, καὶ οἱ λιγυστῖνοί τε χιτῶνες καὶ σάγοι· πλεονάζει δὲ καὶ τὸ λιγγούριον παρʼ αὐτοῖς, ὅ τινες ἤλεκτρον προσαγορεύουσι.
Thence come the horses and mules called "ginnuses", and Ligurian tunics and sagi; and lyncurium also abounds among them, which some call amber.
στρατεύονται δʼ ἱππεῖς μὲν οὐ πάνυ, ὁπλῖται δὲ ἀγαθοὶ καὶ ἀκροβολισταί· ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ χαλκάσπιδας εἶναι τεκμαίρονταί τινες Ἕλληνας αὐτοὺς εἶναι.
They do not serve as cavalry to any great extent, but are good heavy infantry and skirmishers; and from the fact of their being bronze-shielded, some infer that they are Greeks.
§4.6.3̔ο δὲ τοῦ Μονοίκου λιμὴν ὅρμος ἐστὶν οὐ μεγάλαις οὐδὲ πολλαῖς ναυσίν, ἔχων ἱερὸν Ἡρακλέους Μονοίκου καλουμένου· ἔοικε δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὀνόματος καὶ μέχρι δεῦρο διατείνειν ὁ Μασσαλιωτικὸς παράπλους· διέχει δʼ Ἀντιπόλεως μικρῷ πλείους ἢ διακοσίους σταδίους.
The harbor of Monoecus is an anchorage not for large or many ships, having a temple of Hercules called Monoecus; and from the name it seems that the Marseillais coastal voyage extended as far as this; and it is a little more than two hundred stadia distant from Antipolis.
τοὐντεῦθεν δʼ ἤδη μέχρι Μασσαλίας καὶ μικρὸν προσωτέρω τὸ τῶν Σαλύων ἔθνος οἰκεῖ τὰς Ἄλπεις τὰς ὑπερκειμένας καί τινα τῆς αὐτῆς παραλίας ἀναμὶξ τοῖς Ἕλλησι.
From there on, as far as Massalia and a little further, the tribe of the Salyes inhabits the Alps that lie above and some parts of the same coast, mixed with the Greeks.
καλοῦσι δὲ τοὺς Σάλυας οἱ μὲν παλαιοὶ τῶν Ἑλλήνων Λίγυας καὶ τὴν χώραν, ἣν ἔχουσιν οἱ Μασσαλιῶται, Λιγυστικήν, οἱ δʼ ὕστερον Κελτολίγυας ὀνομάζουσι, καὶ τὴν μέχρι Αὐενίωνος καὶ τοῦ Ῥοδανοῦ πεδιάδα τούτοις προσνέμουσιν, ἀφʼ ἧς οὐ πεζὴν μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ ἱππικὴν ἔστελλον στρατιάν, εἰς δέκα μέρη διῃρημένοι.
The ancient Greeks called the Salyes Ligurians, and the land which the Massaliotes possess, Ligustica, but later writers call them Celto-Ligurians, and assign to them the plain as far as Avenio and the Rhone, from which, divided into ten parts, they used to send out not only an infantry but also a cavalry force.
πρώτους δʼ ἐχειρώσαντο Ῥωμαῖοι τούτους τῶν ὑπεραλπείων Κελτῶν, πολὺν χρόνον πολεμήσαντες καὶ τούτοις καὶ τοῖς Λίγυσιν, ἀποκεκλεικόσι τὰς εἰς τὴν Ἰβηρίαν παρόδους τὰς διὰ τῆς παραλίας.
The Romans subdued these first of the transalpine Celts, after having carried on war with them and with the Ligurians for a long time, because they had blocked the passes into Iberia through the coast.
καὶ γὰρ καὶ κατὰ γῆν καὶ κατὰ θάλατταν ἐλῄζοντο καὶ τοσοῦτον ἴσχυον ὥστε μόλις στρατοπέδοις μεγάλοις πορευτὴν εἶναι τὴν ὁδόν.
For indeed both by land and by sea they committed robberies, and were so powerful that the road was scarcely passable even for large armies.
ὀγδοηκοστὸν δʼ ἔτος πολεμοῦντες διεπράξαντο μόλις ὥστʼ ἐπὶ δώδεκα σταδίους τὸ πλάτος ἀνεῖσθαι τὴν ὁδὸν τοῖς ὁδεύουσι δημοσίᾳ.
But after fighting for eighty years, the Romans with difficulty succeeded in having the road left open to a width of twelve stadia for those traveling on public business.
μετὰ ταῦτα μέντοι κατέλυσαν ἅπαντας καὶ διέταξαν αὐτοὶ τὰς πολιτείας, ἐπιστήσαντες φόβον.
Afterwards, however, they subdued them completely and themselves organized their states, having inspired them with fear.