§3.3.1Ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ ἱεροῦ πάλιν ἀκρωτηρίου τὴν ἀρχὴν λαμβάνουσιν ἐπὶ θάτερον μέρος τῆς παραλίας τὸ πρὸς τὸν Τάγον κόλπος ἐστίν· ἔπειτα ἄκρα τὸ Βαρβάριον καὶ αἱ τοῦ Τάγου ἐκβολαὶ πλησίον, ἐφʼ ἃς εὐθυπλοίᾳ στάδιοι δʼ εἰσὶ δέκα· ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ ἀναχύσεις, ὧν μία ἐπὶ πλείους ἢ τετρακοσίους σταδίους ἀπὸ τοῦ λεχθέντος πύργου, καθʼ ἣν ὑδρεύονται εἴ που λακκαῖα.
Taking again our start from the Sacred Promontory, on the other side of the coast, namely that towards the Tagus, there is a gulf; then the Barbarium Promontory, and near it the mouths of the Tagus, to which the distance in a straight course is... and it is ten stadia; and here are also estuaries, one of which extends for more than four hundred stadia from the said tower, along which they obtain water, if there is any cistern-water anywhere.
ὁ δὲ Τάγος καὶ τὸ πλάτος ἔχει τοῦ στόματος εἴκοσί που σταδίων καὶ τὸ βάθος μέγα, ὥστε μυριαγωγοῖς ἀναπλεῖσθαι.
The Tagus has a mouth of about twenty stadia in width and its depth is great, so that it can be navigated by ships of ten thousand bushels burden.
δύο δʼ ἀναχύσεις ἐν τοῖς ὑπερκειμένοις ποιεῖται πεδίοις, ὅταν αἱ πλῆμαι γίνωνται, ὥστε πελαγίζειν μὲν ἐπὶ ἑκατὸν καὶ πεντήκοντα σταδίους καὶ ποιεῖν πλωτὸν τὸ πεδίον, ἐν δὲ τῇ ἐπάνω ἀναχύσει καὶ νησίον ἀπολαμβάνειν ὅσον τριάκοντα σταδίων τὸ μῆκος, πλάτος δὲ μικρὸν ἀπολεῖπον τοῦ μήκους, εὐαλσὲς καὶ εὐάμπελον.
And it forms two estuaries in the plains lying above, when the high tides occur, so that it overflows to a distance of one hundred and fifty stadia and makes the plain navigable, and in the upper estuary it also cuts off a small island about thirty stadia in length, and in width falling only a little short of its length, well-wooded and rich in vines.
κεῖται δʼ ἡ νῆσος κατὰ Μόρωνα πόλιν εὖ κειμένην ἐν ὄρει τοῦ ποταμοῦ πλησίον, ἀφεστῶσαν τῆς θαλάττης ὅσον πεντακοσίους σταδίους, ἔχουσαν δὲ καὶ χώραν ἀγαθὴν τὴν πέριξ καὶ τοὺς ἀνάπλους εὐπετεῖς μέχρι μὲν πολλοῦ καὶ μεγάλοις σκάφεσι, τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν τοῖς ποταμίοις· καὶ ὑπὲρ τὸν Μόρωνα δʼ ἔτι μακρότερος ἀνάπλους ἐστί.
And the island lies opposite Moron, a well-situated city on a hill near the river, about five hundred stadia distant from the sea, having also a fertile country around it, and the voyages up the river are easy for a long distance even for large vessels, and for the rest of the way for river-boats; and even above Moron there is a still longer voyage up.
ταύτῃ δὲ τῇ πόλει Βροῦτος ὁ Καλλαϊκὸς προσαγορευθεὶς ὁρμητηρίῳ χρώμενος ἐπολέμησε πρὸς τοὺς Λυσιτανοὺς καὶ κατέστρεψε τούτους.
Using this city as a base of operations, Brutus, surnamed Callaicus, waged war against the Lusitanians and subdued them.
τοῖς δὲ τοῦ ποταμοῦ πλίθροις ἐπετείχισε τὴν Ὀλυσιπῶνα, ἵνʼ ἔχοι τοὺς ἀνάπλους ἐλευθέρους καὶ τὰς ἀνακομιδὰς τῶν ἐπιτηδείων, ὥστε καὶ τῶν περὶ τὸν Τάγον πόλεων αὗται κράτισται.
And he fortified Olisipo near the river's barriers, in order that he might keep the navigation open and the transport of provisions free, so that these indeed are the best of the cities around the Tagus.
πολύιχθυς δʼ ὁ ποταμὸς καὶ ὀστρέων πλήρης.
The river is rich in fish and full of oysters.
ῥεῖ δʼ ἔχων τὰς ἀρχὰς ἐκ Κελτιβήρων διὰ Ὀυεττώνων καὶ Καρπητανῶν καὶ Λυσιτανῶν ἐπὶ δύσιν ἰσημερινήν, μέχρι ποσοῦ παράλληλος ὢν τῷ τε Ἄνᾳ καὶ τῷ Βαίτι, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα ἀφιστάμενος ἐκείνων ἀποκλινόντων πρὸς τὴν νότιον παραλίαν.
And it flows, having its source in the country of the Celtiberians, through the Vettones, Carpetanians, and Lusitanians towards the equinoctial west, being for some distance parallel to both the Anas and the Baetis, but after this diverging from them as they slope towards the southern coast.
§3.3.2οἱ δὲ ὑπερκείμενοι τῶν λεχθέντων μερῶν Ὠρητανοὶ μέν εἰσι νοτιώτατοι καὶ μέχρι τῆς παραλίας διήκοντες ἐκ μέρους τῆς ἐντὸς στηλῶν, Καρπητανοὶ δὲ μετὰ τούτους πρὸς ἄρκτους, εἶτα Ὀυέττωνες καὶ Ὀυακκαῖοι, διʼ ὧν ὁ Δούριος ῥεῖ κατʼ Ἀκούτειαν πόλιν τῶν Ὀυακκαίων ἔχων διάβασιν, Καλλαϊκοὶ δʼ ὕστατοι, τῆς ὀρεινῆς ἐπέχοντες πολλήν·
Of the peoples who live above the aforementioned parts, the Oretanians are the most southerly, extending in part as far as the coast inside the Pillars; after them, towards the north, are the Carpetanians; then the Vettones and the Vaccaeans, through whose country the Durius flows, having a crossing-place at Acutia, a city of the Vaccaeans; and last are the Callaicans, who occupy a large part of the mountainous country.
διὸ καὶ δυσμαχώτατοι ὄντες τῷ τε καταπολεμήσαντι τοὺς Λυσιτανοὺς αὐτοὶ παρέσχον τὴν ἐπωνυμίαν, καὶ νῦν ἤδη τοὺς πλείστους τῶν Λυσιτανῶν Καλλαϊκοὺς καλεῖσθαι παρεσκεύασαν.
For this reason, since they are also the hardest to fight, they themselves gave the surname to him who subdued the Lusitanians, and now they have already caused most of the Lusitanians to be called Callaicans.
τῆς μὲν οὖν Ὠρητανίας κρατιστεύουσά ἐστι πόλις Καστουλὼν καὶ Ὠρία.
Now of Oretania, the chief city is Castulo, and also Oria.
§3.3.3τοῦ δὲ Τάγου τὰ πρὸς ἄρκτον ἡ Λυσιτανία ἐστὶ μέγιστον τῶν Ἰβηρικῶν ἐθνῶν καὶ πλείστοις χρόνοις ὑπὸ Ῥωμαίων πολεμηθέν.
To the north of the Tagus is Lusitania, the greatest of the Iberian nations, and the one against which the Romans waged war for the longest time.
περιέχει δὲ τῆς χώρας ταύτης τὸ μὲν νότιον πλευρὸν ὁ Τάγος, τὸ δʼ ἑσπέριον καὶ τὸ ἀρκτικὸν ὁ ὠκεανός, τὸ δʼ ἑωθινὸν οἵ τε Καρπητανοὶ καὶ οἱ Ὀυέττωνες καὶ Ὀυακκαῖοι καὶ Καλλαϊκοί, τὰ γνώριμα ἔθνη· τἆλλα δὲ οὐκ ἄξιον ὀνομάζειν διὰ τὴν μικρότητα καὶ τὴν ἀδοξίαν· ὑπεναντίως δὲ τὰ νῦν ἔνιοι καὶ τούτους Λυσιτανοὺς ὀνομάζουσιν.
And of this country, the southern side is bounded by the Tagus, the western and northern by the Ocean, and the eastern by the Carpetanians, the Vettones, the Vaccaeans, and the Callaicans, the well-known nations; the others are not worth naming because of their smallness and obscurity; though, contrary to this, some now call even these peoples Lusitanians.
ὅμοροι δʼ εἰσὶν ἐκ τοῦ πρὸς ἕω μέρους οἱ μὲν Καλλαϊκοὶ τῷ τῶν Ἀστούρων ἔθνει καὶ τοῖς ίβηρσιν, οἱ δʼ ἄλλοι τοῖς Κελτίβηρσι.
And on the east, the Callaicans are bordered by the nation of the Asturians and the Iberians, and the others by the Celtiberians.
τὸ μὲν οὖν μῆκος τρισχιλίων σταδίων, τὸ δὲ πλάτος πολὺ ἔλαττον, ὃ ποιεῖ τὸ ἑωθινὸν πλευρὸν εἰς τὴν ἀντικειμένην παραλίαν· ὑψηλὸν δʼ ἐστὶ τὸ ἑωθινὸν καὶ τραχύ, ἡ δὲ ὑποκειμένη χώρα πεδιὰς πᾶσα καὶ μέχρι θαλάττης πλὴν ὀλίγων ὀρῶν οὐ μεγάλων· ᾗ δὴ καὶ τὸν Ἀριστοτέλη φησὶν ὁ Ποσειδώνιος οὐκ ὀρθῶς αἰτιᾶσθαι τὴν παραλίαν τῶν πλημμυρίδων καὶ τῶν ἀμπώτεων· παλιρροεῖν γὰρ φάναι τὴν θάλατταν διὰ τὸ τὰς ἀκτὰς ὑψηλάς τε καὶ τραχείας εἶναι δεχομένας τε τὸ κῦμα σκληρῶς καὶ ἀνταποδιδούσας.
Now the length is three thousand stadia, but the width is much less, which is formed by the distance from the eastern side to the opposite coast; the eastern side is high and rugged, but the country lying below is entirely a plain, even to the sea, except for a few mountains of no great size; wherefore Poseidonius says that Aristotle did not correctly assign the cause of the flood-tides and ebb-tides to the coast; for he said that the sea ebbs and flows because the coasts are high and rugged, receiving the wave violently and throwing it back.
τἀναντία γὰρ τῇ Ἰβηρίᾳ θινώδεις εἶναι καὶ ταπεινὰς τὰς πλείστας, ὀρθῶς λέγων.
But on the contrary, in Iberia, most of them are sandy and low; and in saying this he is right.