§3.3.4̔η δʼ οὖν χώρα περὶ ἧς λέγομεν εὐδαίμων τέ ἐστι καὶ διαρρεῖται ποταμοῖς μεγάλοις τε καὶ μικροῖς, ἅπασιν ἐκ τῶν ἑωθινῶν μερῶν, παραλλήλοις τῷ Τάγῳ· ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ ἀνάπλους οἱ πλείους καὶ ψῆγμα τοῦ χρυσοῦ πλεῖστον.
The country of which we are speaking is, at any rate, fertile and is watered by rivers both large and small, all of them flowing from the eastern parts parallel to the Tagus; most of them are also navigable and contain a great deal of gold-dust.
γνωριμώτατοι δὲ τῶν ποταμῶν ἐφεξῆς τῷ Τάγῳ Μούνδας ἀνάπλους ἔχων μικροὺς καὶ Ὀυακούα ὡσαύτως· μετὰ δὲ τούτους Δούριος μακρόθεν τε ῥέων παρὰ Νομαντίαν καὶ πολλὰς ἄλλας τῶν Κελτιβήρων καὶ Ὀυακκαίων κατοικίας, μεγάλοις τʼ ἀναπλεόμενος σκάφεσιν ἐπὶ ὀκτακοσίους σχεδόν τι σταδίους.
The most famous of the rivers next to the Tagus are the Mundas, which has only a short navigation, and the Vacua likewise; after these is the Durius, which flows from afar past Numantia and many other settlements of the Celtiberians and Vaccaeans, and can be navigated by large vessels for about eight hundred stadia.
εἶτʼ ἄλλοι ποταμοὶ καὶ μετὰ τούτους ὁ τῆς Λήθης, ὃν τινὲς Λιμαίαν οἱ δὲ Βελιῶνα καλοῦσι· καὶ οὗτος δʼ ἐκ Κελτιβήρων καὶ Ὀυακκαίων ῥεῖ καὶ ὁ μετʼ αὐτὸν Βαῖνις (οἱ δὲ Μίνιον φασὶ) πολὺ μέγιστος τῶν ἐν Λυσιτανίᾳ ποταμῶν ἐπὶ ὀκτακοσίους καὶ αὐτὸς ἀναπλεόμενος σταδίους.
Then come other rivers, and after these the River of Lethe, which some call the Limia and others the Belio; and this also flows from the country of the Celtiberians and Vaccaeans, and the river next to it, the Baenis (which some call the Minius), is by far the largest of the rivers in Lusitania, and this also is navigable for eight hundred stadia.
Ποσειδώνιος δὲ ἐκ Καντάβρων αὐτὸν ῥεῖν φησί· πρόκειται δὲ τῆς ἐκβολῆς αὐτοῦ νῆσος καὶ χηλαὶ δύο ὅρμους ἔχουσαι.
Poseidonius, however, says that it flows from the country of the Cantabrians; and in front of its mouth lies an island and two breakwaters which afford anchorages.
ἐπαινεῖν δʼ ἄξιον τὴν φύσιν, ὅτι τὰς ὄχθας ὑψηλὰς ἔχουσιν οἱ ποταμοὶ καὶ ἱκανὰς δέχεσθαι τοῖς ῥείθροις τὴν θάλατταν πλημμυροῦσαν, ὥστε μὴ ὑπερχεῖσθαι μηδʼ ἐπιπολάζειν ἐν τοῖς πεδίοις.
It is worthy of praise to admire Nature because the rivers have high banks, sufficient to receive the high tide of the sea within their channels, so that it does not overflow nor flood the plains.
τῆς μὲν οὖν Βρούτου στρατείας ὅρος οὗτος, περαιτέρω δʼ εἰσὶν ἄλλοι πλείους ποταμοὶ παράλληλοι τοῖς λεχθεῖσιν.
This was the limit of Brutus's campaign, but beyond it there are several other rivers parallel to those mentioned.
§3.3.5̔́υστατοι δʼ οἰκοῦσιν Ἄρταβροι περὶ τὴν ἄκραν ἣ καλεῖται Νέριον, ἣ καὶ τῆς ἑσπερίου πλευρᾶς καὶ τῆς βορείου πέρας ἐστί.
Last of all dwell the Artabrians near the promontory which is called Nerium, which is the boundary of both the western and the northern sides.
περιοικοῦσι δʼ αὐτὴν Κελτικοί, συγγενεῖς τῶν ἐπὶ τῷ Ἄνᾳ.
Around it dwell the Celticans, kinsmen of those on the Anas.
καὶ γὰρ τούτους καὶ Τουρδούλους στρατεύσαντας ἐκεῖσε στασιάσαι φασὶ μετὰ τὴν διάβασιν τοῦ Λιμαία ποταμοῦ· πρὸς δὲ τῇ στάσει καὶ ἀποβολῆς τοῦ ἡγεμόνος γενομένης, καταμεῖναι σκεδασθέντας αὐτόθι· ἐκ τούτου δὲ καὶ τὸν ποταμὸν Λήθης προσαγορευθῆναι.
For it is said that these and the Turdulians, having made an expedition thither, mutinied after the passage of the Limia River; and in addition to the mutiny, when the loss of their leader occurred, they dispersed and remained there; and from this circumstance the river was called the Lethe.
ἔχουσι δὲ οἱ Ἄρταβροι πόλεις συχνὰς ἐν κόλπῳ συνοικουμένας, ὃν οἱ πλέοντες καὶ χρώμενοι τοῖς τόποις Ἀρτάβρων λιμένα προσαγορεύουσιν· οἱ δὲ νῦν τοὺς Ἀρτάβρους Ἀροτρέβας καλοῦσιν.
The Artabrians have many cities situated together in a gulf, which those who sail there and frequent those parts call the Harbor of the Artabrians; but the people of today call the Artabrians the Arotrebans.
ἔθνη μὲν οὖν περὶ τριάκοντα τὴν χώραν νέμεται τὴν μεταξὺ Τάγου καὶ τῶν Ἀρτάβρων· εὐδαίμονος δὲ τῆς χώρας ὑπαρχούσης κατά τε καρποὺς καὶ βοσκήματα καὶ τὸ τοῦ χρυσοῦ καὶ ἀργύρου καὶ τῶν παραπλησίων πλῆθος, ὅμως οἱ πλείους αὐτῶν τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ἀφέντες βίον ἐν λῃστηρίοις διετέλουν καὶ συνεχεῖ πολέμῳ πρός τε ἀλλήλους καὶ τοὺς ὁμόρους αὐτοῖς διαβαίνοντες τὸν Τάγον, ἕως ἔπαυσαν αὐτοὺς Ῥωμαῖοι ταπεινώσαντες καὶ κώμας ποιήσαντες τὰς πόλεις αὐτῶν τὰς πλείστας, ἐνίας δὲ καὶ συνοικίζοντες βέλτιον.
Now about thirty nations occupy the country between the Tagus and the Artabrians; and though the country is fertile in crops, cattle, and an abundance of gold, silver, and similar metals, yet most of them, abandoning a life derived from the soil, spent their time in brigandage and in continuous warfare against one another and their neighbors, crossing the Tagus, until the Romans put an end to them by subduing them and turning most of their cities into villages, though they also organized some of them into better settlements.
ἦρχον δὲ τῆς ἀνομίας ταύτης οἱ ὀρεινοί, καθάπερ εἰκός· λυπρὰν γὰρ νεμόμενοι καὶ μικρὰ κεκτημένοι τῶν ἀλλοτρίων ἐπεθύμουν, οἱ δὲ ἀμυνόμενοι τούτους ἄκυροι τῶν ἰδίων ἔργων καθίσταντο ἐξ ἀνάγκης, ὥστʼ ἀντὶ τοῦ γεωργεῖν ἐπολέμουν καὶ οὗτοι, καὶ συνέβαινε τὴν χώραν ἀμελουμένην στεῖραν οὖσαν τῶν ἐμφύτων ἀγαθῶν οἰκεῖσθαι ὑπὸ λῃστῶν.
The mountaineers began this lawlessness, as was natural; for since they occupied a rugged country and possessed but little, they coveted the property of others, while those who defended themselves against them were forced to neglect their own works, so that they too, instead of farming, went to war, and it came to pass that the country, being neglected and sterile of its natural resources, was inhabited only by robbers.
§3.3.6τοὺς δʼ οὖν Λυσιτανούς φασιν ἐνεδρευτικοὺς ἐξερευνητικοὺς ὀξεῖς κούφους εὐεξελίκτους·
At any rate, they say that the Lusitanians are given to laying ambushes, keen on scouting, swift, light, and agile.
ἀσπίδιον δʼ αὐτοὺς δίπουν ἔχειν τὴν διάμετρον, κοῖλον εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν, τελαμῶσιν ἐξηρτημένον·
They have a small shield two feet in diameter, concave in front, and suspended by shoulder-straps; for it has neither arm-loops nor handles.
οὔτε γὰρ πόρπακας οὔτʼ ἀντιλαβὰς ἔχει παραξιφὶς πρὸς τούτοις ἢ κοπίς.
In addition to this, they carry a dagger or a cleaver.
λινοθώρακες οἱ πλείους· σπάνιοι δὲ ἁλυσιδωτοῖς χρῶνται καὶ τριλοφίαις, οἱ δʼ ἄλλοι νευρίνοις κράνεσιν·
Most of them wear linen breastplates; but rarely do they use chain-mail or triple-crested helmets, the others wearing helmets made of sinew.
οἱ πεζοὶ δὲ καὶ κνημῖδας ἔχουσιν, ἀκόντια δʼ ἕκαστος πλείω· τινὲς δὲ καὶ δόρατι χρῶνται· ἐπιδορατίδες δὲ χάλκεαι.
The infantry also wear greaves, and each man has several javelins; some also use a spear, and the spear-heads are of bronze.
ἐνίους δὲ τῶν προσοικούντων τῷ Δουρίῳ ποταμῷ λακωνικῶς διάγειν φασίν, ἀλειπτηρίοις χρωμένους δὶς καὶ πυρίαις ἐκ λίθων διαπύρων, ψυχρολουτροῦντας καὶ μονοτροφοῦντας καθαρείως καὶ λιτῶς.
Some of the people who dwell near the Durius River are said to live in the Laconian fashion, using twice a day rooms for anointing and steam-baths made of red-hot stones, bathing in cold water, and eating only one meal a day in a clean and simple manner.
θυτικοὶ δʼ εἰσὶ Λυσιτανοὶ τά τε σπλάγχνα ἐπιβλέπουσιν οὐκ ἐκτέμνοντες· προσεπιβλέπουσι δὲ καὶ τὰς ἐν τῇ πλευρᾷ φλέβας, καὶ ψηλαφῶντες δὲ τεκμαίρονται.
The Lusitanians are given to offering sacrifices, and they inspect the entrails without cutting them out; they also inspect the veins in the side, and make their divinations by touch as well.
σπλαγχνεύονται δὲ καὶ διʼ ἀνθρώπων αἰχμαλώτων καλύπτοντες σάγοις· εἶθʼ ὅταν πληγῇ τὰ σπλάγχνα ὑπὸ τοῦ ἱεροσκόπου, μαντεύονται πρῶτον ἐκ τοῦ πτώματος.
They also practice divination from human captives, covering them with cloaks; then, when the victim's entrails are struck by the priest, they draw their first prophecy from the fall of the body.
τῶν δʼ ἁλόντων τὰς χεῖρας ἀποκόπτοντες τὰς δεξιὰς ἀνατιθέασιν.
They cut off the right hands of their captives and consecrate them.