§3.2.13πρὸς δὲ τὸ βέλτιον ἐκ τούτων· ἥ τε γὰρ Ἡρακλέους στρατεία μέχρι δεῦρο προελθοῦσα καὶ τῶν Φοινίκων ὑπέγραφεν αὐτῷ πλοῦτόν τινα καὶ ῥᾳθυμίαν τῶν ἀνθρώπων· οὗτοι γὰρ Φοίνιξιν οὕτως ἐγένοντο σφόδρα ὑποχείριοι ὥστε τὰς πλείους τῶν ἐν τῇ Τουρδητανίᾳ πόλεων καὶ τῶν πλησίον τόπων ὑπʼ ἐκείνων νῦν οἰκεῖσθαι.
With respect to the better, from these things: for both the expedition of Heracles which advanced as far as here, and that of the Phoenicians, suggested to him a certain wealth and easy life of the people; for these became so greatly subject to the Phoenicians that most of the cities in Turdetania and the neighboring places are now inhabited by them.
καὶ ἡ τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως δὲ στρατεία δοκεῖ μοι δεῦρο γενηθεῖσα καὶ ἱστορηθεῖσα ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ παραδοῦναι πρόφασιν, ὥστε τὴν Ὀδύσσειαν καθάπερ καὶ τὴν Ἰλιάδα ἀπὸ τῶν συμβάντων μεταγαγεῖν εἰς ποίησιν καὶ τὴν συνήθη τοῖς ποιηταῖς μυθοποιίαν.
And the expedition of Odysseus also, having occurred here and having been investigated by him, seems to me to have provided a pretext, so as to transfer the Odyssey, just like the Iliad, from actual occurrences into poetry and the myth-making customary to poets.
οὐ γὰρ μόνον οἱ κατὰ τὴν Ἰταλίαν καὶ Σικελίαν τόποι καὶ ἄλλοι τινὲς τῶν τοιούτων σημεῖα ὑπογράφουσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἰβηρίᾳ Ὀδύσσεια πόλις δείκνυται καὶ Ἀθηνᾶς ἱερὸν καὶ ἄλλα μυρία ἴχνη τῆς τε ἐκείνου πλάνης καὶ ἄλλων τῶν ἐκ τοῦ Τρωικοῦ πολέμου γενομένων ἐπʼ ἴσης κακώσαντος τούς τε πολεμηθέντας καὶ τοὺς ἑλόντας τὴν Τροίαν· καὶ γὰρ οὗτοι Καδμείαν νίκην ἐτύγχανον ἠρμένοι, τῶν τε οἴκων αὐτοῖς κατεφθαρμένων καὶ τῶν λαφύρων ὀλίγων εἰς ἕκαστον ἐληλυθότων· συνέβη τοῖς περιλειφθεῖσιν ἀπελθοῦσιν ἐκ τῶν κινδύνων κατὰ λῃστείας τρέπεσθαι, τοῖς μὲν διὰ τὸ ἐκπεπορθῆσθαι τοῖς δὲ διὰ τὴν αἰσχύνην, ἑκάστου προλαβόντος
αἰσχρόν τοι δηρόν τε μένειν
ἄνευ τῶν οἰκείων
κενεόν τε νέεσθαι
παρʼ αὐτοὺς πάλιν.
For not only do the places around Italy and Sicily and some others of such kind suggest signs of these, but also in Iberia a city named Odysseia is shown, and a temple of Athena, and countless other traces of both his wandering and those of others that occurred from the Trojan War, which equally afflicted both the vanquished and those who took Troy; for these too turned out to have won a Cadmean victory, their homes having been destroyed and few spoils having come to each; and it happened to the survivors, having departed from the dangers, to turn to piracy, some because of having been plundered and others because of shame, each having assumed beforehand: "Truly, to remain long without one's own, and to return empty, is a shameful thing" to return to them again.
ἥ τε τοῦ Αἰνείου παραδέδοται πλάνη καὶ Ἀντήνορος καὶ ἡ τῶν Ἑνετῶν· ὡσαύτως καὶ ἡ Διομήδους τε καὶ Μενελάου καὶ ἄλλων πλειόνων.
And the wandering of Aeneas is handed down, and of Antenor, and that of the Heneti; likewise also that of Diomedes and Menelaus and more others.
ὁ τοίνυν ποιητὴς τὰς τοσαύτας στρατείας ἐπὶ τὰ ἔσχατα τῆς Ἰβηρίας ἱστορηκώς, πυνθανόμενος δὲ καὶ πλοῦτον καὶ τὰς ἄλλας ἀρετὰς (οἱ γὰρ Φοίνικες ἐδήλουν τοῦτο) ἐνταῦθα τὸν τῶν εὐσεβῶν ἔπλασε χῶρον καὶ τὸ Ἠλύσιον πεδίον, οὗ φησιν ὁ Πρωτεὺς ἀποικήσειν τὸν Μενέλαον
ἀλλά σʼ ἐς Ἠλύσιον πεδίον καὶ πείρατα γαίης ἀθάνατοι πέμψουσιν, ὅθι ξανθὸς Ῥαδάμανθυς· τῇ περ ῥηίστη βιοτὴ πέλει ἀνθρώποισιν· οὐ νιφετὸς οὔτʼ ἂρ χειμὼν πολὺς οὐδέ ποτʼ ὄμβρος, ἀλλʼ αἰεὶ ζεφύροιο λιγὺ πνείοντας ἀήτας ὠκεανὸς ἀνίησιν ἀναψύχειν ἀνθρώπους. τό τε γὰρ εὐάερον καὶ τὸ εὔπνουν τοῦ ζεφύρου ταύτης ἐστὶ τῆς χώρας οἰκεῖον ἑσπερίου τε καὶ ἀλεεινῆς οὔσης, τό τε ἐπὶ τοῖς πέρασι τῆς γῆς ἐφʼ οἷς καὶ τὸν Ἅιδην μεμυθεῦσθαι ἔφαμεν, ὅ τε Ῥαδάμανθυς παρατεθεὶς ὑπογράφει τὸν πλησίον τῷ Μίνῳ τόπον, περὶ οὗ φησίν
ἔνθʼ ἤτοι Μίνωα ἴδον Διὸς ἀγλαὸν υἱόν, χρύσεον σκῆπτρον ἔχοντα, θεμιστεύοντα νέκυσσι. καὶ οἱ μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ ποιηταὶ παραπλήσια θρυλοῦσι, τήν τε ἐπὶ τὰς Γηρυόνου βόας στρατείαν καὶ τὴν ἐπὶ τὰ μῆλα τῶν Ἑσπερίδων τὰ χρύσεα ὡσαύτως, καὶ μακάρων τινὰς νήσους κατονομάζοντες, ἃς καὶ νῦν δεικνυμένας ἴσμεν οὐ πολὺ ἄπωθεν τῶν ἄκρων τῆς Μαυρουσίας τῶν ἀντικειμένων τοῖς Γαδείροις.
The poet, then, having investigated such great expeditions to the extremities of Iberia, and having heard also of the wealth and the other virtues (for the Phoenicians made this clear), fashioned there the place of the pious and the Elysian plain, where Proteus says Menelaus will depart to dwell: "But to the Elysian plain and the boundaries of the earth the immortals will send you, where is fair-haired Rhadamanthys; there indeed the easiest life is for men; no snow, nor indeed much winter, nor ever rain, but always the ocean sends up the shrill-blowing breezes of Zephyrus to cool men." For both the good climate and the sweet breath of Zephyrus are peculiar to this country, which is western and warm, and its being at the boundaries of the earth, at which we said Hades also was mythologized, and Rhadamanthys being placed near suggests the place adjacent to Minos, concerning whom he says: "There indeed I saw Minos, the glorious son of Zeus, holding a golden scepter, administering justice to the dead." And the poets after him repeat similar things, likewise both the expedition for the cattle of Geryon and that for the golden apples of the Hesperides, and naming certain islands of the blessed, which we know are still shown not far from the promontories of Maurusia opposite Gadeira.
§3.2.14τοὺς δὲ Φοίνικας λέγω μηνυτάς· καὶ τῆς Ἰβηρίας καὶ τῆς Λιβύης τὴν ἀρίστην οὗτοι κατέσχον πρὸ τῆς ἡλικίας τῆς Ὁμήρου καὶ διετέλεσαν κύριοι τῶν τόπων ὄντες, μέχρι οὗ Ῥωμαῖοι κατέλυσαν αὐτῶν τὴν ἡγεμονίαν.
And I call the Phoenicians the informants; and they occupied the best of Iberia and Libya before the age of Homer and continued being masters of the places until the Romans dissolved their hegemony.
τοῦ δʼ Ἰβηρικοῦ πλούτου καὶ ταῦτα μαρτύρια· Καρχηδόνιοι μετὰ τοῦ Βάρκα στρατεύσαντες κατέλαβον, ὥς φασιν οἱ συγγραφεῖς, φάτναις ἀργυραῖς καὶ πίθοις χρωμένους τοὺς ἐν τῇ Τουρδητανίᾳ.
And of the Iberian wealth, these also are proofs: the Carthaginians who campaigned with Barca found, as the historians say, the people in Turdetania using silver mangers and jars.
ὑπολάβοι δʼ ἄν τις ἐκ τῆς πολλῆς εὐδαιμονίας καὶ μακραίωνας ὀνομασθῆναι τοὺς ἐνθάδε ἀνθρώπους, καὶ μάλιστα τοὺς ἡγεμόνας, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο Ἀνακρέοντα μὲν οὕτως εἰπεῖν
ἔγωγʼ οὔτʼ ἂν Ἀμαλθίης βουλοίμην κέρας οὔτʼ ἔτεα πεντήκοντά τε καὶ ἑκατὸν Ταρτησσοῦ βασιλεῦσαι,
Ἡρόδοτον δὲ καὶ τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ βασιλέως καταγράψαι καλέσαντα Ἀργανθώνιον.
And one might assume from their great prosperity that the men here were also called long-lived, and especially their leaders, and that because of this Anacreon spoke thus: "For my part, I would neither wish for the horn of Amaltheia nor to rule over Tartessos for a hundred and fifty years," and Herodotus also recorded the name of the king, calling him Arganthonios.
§3.2.15τῇ δὲ τῆς χώρας εὐδαιμονίᾳ καὶ τὸ ἥμερον καὶ τὸ πολιτικὸν συνηκολούθησε τοῖς Τουρδητανοῖς, καὶ τοῖς Κελτικοῖς δὲ διὰ τὴν γειτνίασιν, ὡς δʼ εἴρηκε Πολύβιος διὰ τὴν συγγένειαν· ἀλλʼ ἐκείνοις μὲν ἧττον· τὰ πολλὰ γὰρ κωμηδὸν ζῶσιν.
And with the prosperity of the country, refinement and civility followed for the Turdetanians, and also for the Celtic peoples because of their neighborhood, or as Polybius said, because of their kinship; but to those indeed less, for they live mostly in villages.
οἱ μέντοι Τουρδητανοὶ καὶ μάλιστα οἱ περὶ τὸν Βαῖτιν τελέως εἰς τὸν Ῥωμαίων μεταβέβληνται τρόπον οὐδὲ τῆς διαλέκτου τῆς σφετέρας ἔτι μεμνημένοι.
The Turdetanians, however, and especially those around the Baetis, have completely changed into the Roman way of life, not even remembering their own dialect anymore.
Λατῖνοί τε οἱ πλεῖστοι γεγόνασι καὶ ἐποίκους εἰλήφασι Ῥωμαίους, ὥστε μικρὸν ἀπέχουσι τοῦ πάντες εἶναι Ῥωμαῖοι.
Most have become Latins and have received Roman colonists, so that they lack little of all being Romans.
αἵ τε νῦν συνῳκισμέναι πόλεις, ἥ τε ἐν τοῖς Κελτικοῖς Παξαυγοῦστα καὶ ἡ ἐν τοῖς Τουρδούλοις Αὐγοῦστα Ἠμέριτα καὶ ἡ περὶ τοὺς Κελτίβηρας Καισαραυγοῦστα καὶ ἄλλαι ἔνιαι κατοικίαι, τὴν μεταβολὴν τῶν λεχθεισῶν πολιτειῶν ἐμφανίζουσι.
And the cities now organized, Pax Augusta among the Celts, Augusta Emerita among the Turduli, Caesaraugusta around the Celtiberians, and some other settlements, manifest the change of the said political states.
καὶ δὴ τῶν Ἰβήρων ὅσοι ταύτης εἰσὶ τῆς ἰδέας τογᾶτοι λέγονται· ἐν δὲ τούτοις εἰσὶ καὶ οἱ Κελτίβηρες οἱ πάντων νομισθέντες ποτὲ θηριωδέστατοι.
Indeed, those of the Iberians who are of this character are called "togati"; and among these are also the Celtiberians, who were once considered the most wild of all.
ταῦτα μὲν περὶ τούτων.
So much for these matters.