§3.2.7τοιαύτης δὲ τῆς μεσογαίας οὔσης τῆς ἐν τῇ Τουρδητανίᾳ, καὶ τὴν παράλιον ἐνάμιλλον εὕροι τις ἂν τοῖς ἐκ θαλάττης ἀγαθοῖς· τά τε γὰρ ὀστρεώδη πάντα καὶ κογχοειδῆ καὶ τοῖς πλήθεσιν ὑπερβάλλει καὶ τοῖς μεγέθεσι καθόλου κατὰ τὴν ἔξω θάλατταν πᾶσαν, ἐνταῦθα δὲ διαφερόντως, ἅτε καὶ τῶν πλημμυρίδων καὶ τῶν ἀμπώτεων ἐνταῦθα αὐξομένων, ἃς εἰκὸς αἰτίας εἶναι καὶ τοῦ πλήθους καὶ τοῦ μεγέθους διὰ τὴν γυμνασίαν.
While the interior of Turdetania is such, one would find the coast also fully a rival in the good things of the sea; for all shellfish and bivalves surpass in both numbers and size throughout the whole outer sea, but here exceedingly so, since both the high and low tides increase here, which are likely the cause of both the abundance and size through the exercise.
ὡς δʼ αὕτως ἔχει καὶ περὶ τῶν κητέων ἁπάντων, ὀρύγων τε καὶ φαλαινῶν καὶ φυσητήρων, ὧν ἀναφυσησάντων φαίνεταί τις νεφώδους ὄψις κίονος τοῖς πόρρωθεν ἀφορῶσι· καὶ οἱ γόγγροι δὲ ἀποθηριοῦνται πολὺ τῶν παρʼ ἡμῖν ὑπερβεβλημένοι κατὰ τὸ μέγεθος, καὶ αἱ σμύραιναι καὶ ἄλλα πλείω τῶν τοιούτων ὄψων.
The same is true of all cetaceans, both orcs, whales, and blowers, which, when they blow, appear to those looking from afar like a cloud-like column; and the congers also grow wild, far surpassing those in our sea in size, as do the morays and many other such fish.
ἐν δὲ Καρτηίᾳ κήρυκας δεκακοτύλους καὶ πορφύρας φασίν· ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἐξωτέροις τόποις καὶ μείζους ὀγδοήκοντα μνῶν τὴν σμύραιναν καὶ τὸν γόγγρον, ταλαντιαῖον δὲ τὸν πολύποδα, διπήχεις δὲ τὰς τευθίδας καὶ τὰ παραπλήσια.
In Carteia, they say there are horn-shells of ten cotylae and purple-fish; and in the outer parts, morays and congers weighing over eighty minae, an octopus of a talent, and squids of two cubits and other similar things.
πολὺς δὲ καὶ ὁ θύννος συνελαύνεται δεῦρο ἀπὸ τῆς ἄλλης τῆς ἔξωθεν παραλίας πίων καὶ παχύς.
Much tuna is also driven here from the rest of the outer coast, fat and thick.
τρέφεται δὲ βαλάνῳ δρυΐνῃ φυομένῃ κατὰ τῆς θαλάττης χαμαιζήλῳ τινὶ παντάπασιν, ἁδρότατον δʼ ἐκφερούσῃ καρπόν· ἥπερ καὶ ἐν τῇ γῇ φύεται πολλὴ κατὰ τὴν Ἰβηρίαν, ῥίζας μὲν ἔχουσα μεγάλας ὡς ἂν τελείας δρυός, ἐξαιρομένη δὲ θάμνου ταπεινῆς ἧττον·
It feeds on the oak acorn which grows under the sea, being entirely low-growing and creeping, but producing very large fruit; this also grows abundantly on the land in Iberia, having large roots like a full-grown oak, but rising less than a low shrub.
τοσοῦτον δʼ ἐκφέρει καρπὸν ὥστε μετὰ τὴν ἀκμὴν πλήρη τὴν παραλίαν εἶναι τήν τε ἐντὸς καὶ τὴν ἐκτὸς στηλῶν, ἣν ἐκβάλλουσιν αἱ πλῆμαι· ἡ δʼ ἐντὸς στηλῶν ἐλάττων ἀεὶ καὶ μᾶλλον εὑρίσκεται.
And it bears so much fruit that after the season the coast, both inside and outside the Pillars, is full of acorns which the high tides cast up; that inside the Pillars is always found smaller and in greater quantity.
λέγει δʼ ὁ Πολύβιος καὶ μέχρι τῆς Λατίνης ἐκπίπτειν τὴν βάλανον ταύτην, εἰ μὴ ἄρα (φησί) καὶ ἡ Σαρδὼ φέρει καὶ ἡ πλησιόχωρος ταύτῃ.
Polybius says that this acorn is cast up even as far as Latium, unless indeed (he says) Sardinia also produces it and the region neighboring it.
καὶ οἱ θύννοι δʼ ὅσῳ πλέον συνεγγίζουσι ταῖς στήλαις ἔξωθεν φερόμενοι, τοσῷδʼ ἰσχναίνονται πλέον τῆς τροφῆς ἐπιλειπούσης· εἶναί τε παρὰ θαλάττιον ὗν τὸ ζῷον τοῦτο· ἥδεσθαι γὰρ τῇ βαλάνῳ καὶ πιαίνεσθαι διαφερόντως ὑπʼ αὐτῆς, φορᾶς τε τῆς βαλάνου γενομένης φορὰν καὶ τῶν θύννων εἶναι.
And the tuna, the more they approach the Pillars as they travel from the outside, the more they become lean as their food fails; and this animal is like a sea pig, for it delights in the acorn and is exceedingly fattened by it, and when there is a rich crop of acorns, there is also a rich catch of tuna.
§3.2.8τοσούτοις δὲ τῆς προειρημένης χώρας ἀγαθοῖς κεχορηγημένης, οὐχ ἥκιστα, ἀλλὰ καὶ μάλιστα ἀποδέξαιτʼ ἄν τις καὶ θαυμάσειε τὸ περὶ τὰς μεταλλείας εὐφυές· ἅπασα μὲν γὰρ μεστὴ τῶν τοιούτων ἐστὶν ἡ τῶν Ἰβήρων χώρα, οὐ πᾶσα δʼ εὔκαρπος οὐδʼ εὐδαίμων οὕτως καὶ μάλιστα ἡ τῶν μετάλλων εὐποροῦσα.
While the aforesaid country is provided with so many blessings, one would accept and admire not least, but even most, its natural suitability for mining; for the whole country of the Iberians is full of such things, though not all of it is fertile or so blessed, and especially not that which is rich in mines.
σπάνιον δʼ ἐν ἀμφοτέροις εὐτυχεῖν, σπάνιον δὲ καὶ τὸ τὴν αὐτὴν ἐν ὀλίγῳ χωρίῳ παντοίοις πληθύνειν μετάλλοις.
It is rare to be fortunate in both, and rare too for the same small region to abound in all kinds of mines.
ἡ δὲ Τουρδητανία καὶ ἡ προσεχὴς αὐτῇ λόγον οὐδένα ἄξιον καταλείπει περὶ τήνδε τὴν ἀρετὴν τοῖς ἐπαινεῖν βουλομένοις.
But Turdetania and the territory adjacent to it leave no worthy word to those who wish to praise this excellence.
οὔτε γὰρ χρυσός, οὐκ ἄργυρος, οὐδὲ δὴ χαλκός, οὐδὲ σίδηρος οὐδαμοῦ τῆς γῆς οὔτε τοσοῦτος οὔθʼ οὕτως ἀγαθὸς ἐξήτασται γεννώμενος μέχρι νῦν.
For neither gold, nor silver, nor indeed copper, nor iron has been found generated anywhere on earth in such quantity or of such quality up to the present.
ὁ δὲ χρυσὸς οὐ μεταλλεύεται μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ σύρεται· καταφέρουσι δʼ οἱ ποταμοὶ καὶ οἱ χείμαρροι τὴν χρυσῖτιν ἄμμον, πολλαχοῦ καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀνύδροις τόποις οὖσαν, ἀλλʼ ἐκεῖ μὲν ἀφανής ἐστιν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἐπικλύστοις ἀπολάμπει τὸ τοῦ χρυσοῦ ψῆγμα· καὶ τοὺς ἀνύδρους δὲ φορητῷ ἐπικλύζοντες ὕδατι στιλπνὸν ποιοῦσι τὸ ψῆγμα, καὶ φρέατα δʼ ὀρύσσοντες καὶ ἄλλας τέχνας ἐπινοοῦντες πλύσει τῆς ἄμμου τὸν χρυσὸν ἐκλαμβάνουσι, καὶ πλείω τῶν χρυσωρυχείων ἐστὶ νῦν τὰ χρυσοπλύσια προσαγορευόμενα.
And gold is not only mined but also washed; for the rivers and torrents bring down the gold-bearing sand, which is also in many dry places, but there it is invisible, while in flooded places the gold-dust shines; and they flood the dry places with brought water to make the gold-dust glisten, and by digging wells and devising other arts they extract the gold by washing the sand, and the gold-washings, as they are called, are now more numerous than the gold mines.
ἀξιοῦσι δὲ Γαλάται τα παρʼ ἑαυτοῖς εἶναι τὰ μέταλλα τά τε ἐν τῷ Κεμμένῳ ὄρει καὶ τὰ ὑπʼ αὐτῇ κείμενα τῇ Πυρήνῃ· τὸ μέντοι πλέον τἀντεῦθεν εὐδοκιμεῖ.
The Gauls claim that their own mines are the best, both those in the Cemmenus Mountain and those lying under the Pyrenees themselves; however, what comes from here is more highly esteemed.
ἐν δὲ τοῖς ψήγμασι τοῦ χρυσίου φασὶν εὑρίσκεσθαί ποτε καὶ ἡμιλιτριαίας βώλους ἃς καλοῦσι πάλας, μικρᾶς καθάρσεως δεομένας.
In the gold-dust, they say, nuggets of half a pound, which they call palae, are sometimes found, needing little refining.
φασὶ δὲ καὶ λίθων σχιζομένων εὑρίσκειν βωλάρια θηλαῖς ὅμοια· ἐκ δὲ τοῦ χρυσοῦ ἑψομένου καὶ καθαιρομένου στυπτηριώδει τινὶ γῇ τὸ κάθαρμα ἤλεκτρον εἶναι· πάλιν δὲ τούτου καθεψομένου, μῖγμα ἔχοντος ἀργύρου καὶ χρυσοῦ, τὸν μὲν ἄργυρον ἀποκαίεσθαι τὸν δὲ χρυσὸν ὑπομένειν· εὐδιάχυτος γὰρ * ὁ τύπος καὶ λιπώδης· διὰ τοῦτο καὶ τῷ ἀχύρῳ τήκεται μᾶλλον ὁ χρυσός, ὅτι ἡ φλὸξ μαλακὴ οὖσα συμμέτρως ἔχει πρὸς τὸ εἶκον καὶ διαχεόμενον ῥᾳδίως, ὁ δὲ ἄνθραξ ἐπαναλίσκει πολὺ ὑπερτήκων τῇ σφοδρότητι καὶ ἐξαίρων.
They also say that when stones are split, they find small nuggets like breasts; and from the gold when it is boiled and refined with a kind of aluminous earth, the dross is electrum; and when this, containing a mixture of silver and gold, is boiled again, the silver is burned away while the gold remains; for its type is easily fusible and fatty; for this reason gold is melted rather with straw, because the flame, being soft, is proportionate to what easily yields and melts, whereas charcoal consumes much by over-melting with its intensity and vaporizing it.
ἐν δὲ τοῖς ῥείθροις σύρεται καὶ πλύνεται πλησίον ἐν σκάφαις, ἢ ὀρύττεται φρέαρ, ἡ δὲ ἀνενεχθεῖσα γῆ πλύνεται.
In the streams, it is washed and cleaned nearby in troughs, or a well is dug and the earth brought up is washed.
τὰς δὲ τοῦ ἀργύρου καμίνους ποιοῦσιν ὑψηλάς, ὥστε τὴν ἐκ τῶν βώλων λιγνὺν μετέωρον ἐξαίρεσθαι· βαρεῖα γάρ ἐστι καὶ ὀλέθριος.
They make the furnaces for silver high, so that the soot from the nuggets may be lifted high into the air; for it is heavy and destructive.
τῶν δὲ χαλκουργείων τινὰ καλεῖται χρυσεῖα, ἐξ ὧν τεκμαίρονται χρυσὸν ἐξ αὐτῶν ὀρύττεσθαι πρότερον.
Some of the copper works are called gold mines, from which they infer that gold was formerly mined from them.