§3.2.5καταμαθόντες δʼ οὖν τὴν φύσιν τῶν τόπων οἱ ἄνθρωποι καὶ τὰς ἀναχύσεις ὁμοίως ὑπουργεῖν τοῖς ποταμοῖς δυναμένας πόλεις ἔκτισαν ἐπʼ αὐτῶν καὶ ἄλλας κατοικίας, καθάπερ ἐπὶ τῶν ποταμῶν·
Therefore, having understood the nature of these places and knowing that the estuaries were able to serve in the same way as the rivers, the inhabitants founded cities and other settlements on them, just as on the rivers.
τούτων δʼ ἐστὶν ἥ τε Ἄστα καὶ Νάβρισσα καὶ Ὄνοβα καὶ Ὀσσόνοβα καὶ Μαίνοβα καὶ ἄλλαι πλείους.
Among these are Asta, Nabrissa, Onoba, Ossonoba, Maenoba, and many others.
προσλαμβάνουσι δὲ καὶ διώρυγες ἔσθʼ ὅπου γεγονυῖαι τῷ πολλαχόθεν εἶναι καὶ πολλαχόσε τὴν κομιδὴν καὶ πρὸς ἀλλήλους καὶ πρὸς τοὺς ἔξω.
Moreover, canals dug in places contribute further, because the transport is carried on from many places to many places, both among themselves and to the outside.
καὶ αἱ σύρροιαι δὲ ὡσαύτως ὠφελοῦσι κατὰ τὰς ἐπὶ πολὺ πλήμας διαχεομένας ἐπὶ τῶν διειργόντων ἰσθμῶν τοὺς πόρους καὶ πλωτοὺς ἀπεργαζομένας, ὥστε πορθμεύεσθαι καὶ ἐκ τῶν ποταμῶν εἰς τὰς ἀναχύσεις κἀκεῖθεν δεῦρο.
And the junctions of the waters likewise help, due to the high tides spreading widely over the isthmuses that separate them and rendering the passages navigable, so that people can cross by boat both from the rivers to the estuaries and from there to this side.
ἅπασα δʼ ἡ ἐμπορία πρὸς τὴν Ἰταλίαν ἐστὶ καὶ τὴν Ῥώμην, ἔχουσα τὸν πλοῦν μέχρι τῶν στηλῶν ἀγαθὸν (πλὴν εἴ τίς ἐστι περὶ τὸν πορθμὸν δυσκολία) καὶ τὸν πελάγιον τὸν ἐν τῇ καθʼ ἡμᾶς θαλάττῃ.
All the trade is with Italy and Rome, having a good voyage as far as the Pillars (except for any difficulty there may be about the strait) and also the open-sea voyage in our sea.
διὰ γὰρ εὐδίου κλίματος οἱ δρόμοι συντελοῦνται καὶ μάλιστα τῷ πελαγίζοντι· τοῦτο δὲ πρόσφορόν ἐστι ταῖς ἐμπορικαῖς ὁλκάσιν.
For the runs are accomplished through a mild climate, especially for the one who takes to the open sea; and this is advantageous for merchant vessels.
ἔχουσι δὲ καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι τάξιν οἱ πελάγιοι·
The open-sea winds also have a regular order.
πρόσεστι δὲ καὶ ἡ νῦν εἰρήνη, τῶν λῃστηρίων καταλυθέντων, ὥσθʼ ἡ σύμπασα ὑπάρχει ῥᾳστώνη τοῖς πλοϊζομένοις.
In addition, there is the present peace, since piracy has been suppressed, so that complete ease is available to navigators.
ἴδιον δέ τί φησι Ποσειδώνιος τηρῆσαι κατὰ τὸν ἀνάπλουν τὸν ἐκ τῆς Ἰβηρίας, ὅτι οἱ εὖροι κατʼ ἐκεῖνο τὸ πέλαγος ἕως τοῦ Σαρδῴου κόλπου πνέοιεν ἐτησίαι·
Poseidonius says that he observed a peculiar thing on his return voyage from Iberia: namely, that the east winds in that sea blew as annual winds as far as the Gulf of Sardinia.
διὸ καὶ τρισὶ μησὶν εἰς Ἰταλίαν κατᾶραι μόλις παραδιενεχθεὶς περί τε τὰς Γυμνησίας νήσους καὶ περὶ Σαρδόνα καὶ τὰ ἄλλα ἀπαντικρὺ τούτων μέρη τῆς Λιβύης.
For this reason, he was scarcely able to reach Italy in three months, having been carried out of his course around the Gymnesian Islands and Sardinia, and the other parts of Libya opposite these.
§3.2.6Ἐξάγεται δʼ ἐκ τῆς Τουρδητανίας σῖτός τε καὶ οἶνος πολὺς καὶ ἔλαιον οὐ πολὺ μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ κάλλιστον·
From Turdetania are exported grain, much wine, and olive oil, which is not only abundant but also of the finest quality.
καὶ κηρὸς δὲ καὶ μέλι καὶ πίττα ἐξάγεται καὶ κόκκος πολλὴ καὶ μίλτος οὐ χείρων τῆς Σινωπικῆς γῆς.
Also exported are wax, honey, and pitch, and much kermes, and ruddle not inferior to the Sinope earth.
τά τε ναυπήγια συνιστᾶσιν αὐτόθι ἐξ ἐπιχωρίας ὕλης, ἅλες τε ὀρυκτοὶ παρʼ αὐτοῖς εἰσι καὶ ποταμῶν ἁλμυρῶν ῥεύματα οὐκ ὀλίγα·
They construct shipyards there from native timber, and they have rock-salt and not a few streams of salty rivers.
οὐκ ὀλίγη δὲ οὐδὲ ἐκ τῶν ὄψων ταριχεία οὐκ ἔνθεν μόνον ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκ τῆς ἄλλης τῆς ἐκτὸς στηλῶν παραλίας, οὐ χείρων τῆς Ποντικῆς.
There is also no small amount of salted fish from the catch, not only from here but also from the rest of the coast outside the Pillars, which is not inferior to that of Pontus.
πολλὴ δὲ καὶ ἐσθὴς πρότερον ἤρχετο, νῦν δὲ ἔρια μᾶλλον τῶν κοραξῶν.
Formerly much clothing also used to go, but now rather the wool of the 'crows' (black sheep).
καὶ ὑπερβολή τίς ἐστι τοῦ κάλλους· ταλαντιαίους γοῦν ὠνοῦνται τοὺς κριοὺς εἰς τὰς ὀχείας.
And this wool is of exceeding beauty; at any rate, they buy rams for breeding at the price of a talent.
ὑπερβολὴ δὲ καὶ τῶν λεπτῶν ὑφασμάτων, ἅπερ οἱ Σαλτιγῖται κατασκευάζουσιν.
There is also an abundance of fine fabrics, which the Saltigetae manufacture.
ἄφθονος δὲ καὶ βοσκημάτων εὐπορία παντοίων καὶ κυνηγεσίων.
There is also an abundant supply of all kinds of cattle and game.
τῶν δʼ ὀλεθρίων θηρίων σπάνις πλὴν τῶν γεωρύχων λαγιδέων, οὓς ἔνιοι λεβηρίδας προσαγορεύουσι· λυμαίνονται γὰρ καὶ φυτὰ καὶ σπέρματα ῥιζοφαγοῦντες·
Of destructive wild beasts there is a scarcity, except for the burrowing small rabbits, which some call leberides; for they do damage to both plants and seeds by eating the roots.
καὶ τοῦτο συμβαίνει καθʼ ὅλην τὴν Ἰβηρίαν σχεδόν τι, διατείνει δὲ καὶ μέχρι Μασσαλίας, ὀχλεῖ δὲ καὶ τὰς νήσους.
And this happens almost throughout the whole of Iberia, extending even as far as Massalia, and it also troubles the islands.
οἱ δὲ τὰς Γυμνησίας οἰκοῦντες λέγονται πρεσβεύσασθαί ποτε πρὸς Ῥωμαίους κατὰ χώρας αἴτησιν· ἐκβάλλεσθαι γὰρ ὑπὸ τῶν ζῴων τούτων, ἀντέχειν μὴ δυνάμενοι διὰ τὸ πλῆθος.
The inhabitants of the Gymnesian Islands are said once to have sent an embassy to the Romans to petition for a territory, since they were being driven out by these animals, being unable to hold out because of their multitude.
πρὸς μὲν οὖν τὸν τοσοῦτον ἴσως πόλεμον, ὃς οὐκ ἀεὶ συμβαίνει, φορᾷ δέ τινι λοιμικῇ καθάπερ ὄφεων καὶ μυῶν τῶν ἀρουραίων, χρεία τῆς τοσαύτης ἐπικουρίας, πρὸς δὲ τὸ μέτριον ἐξεύρηνται πλείους θῆραι·
Now, against so great a war—which does not always happen, but only during some pestilential outbreak like that of snakes and field mice—there is indeed need of such assistance, but against the moderate numbers many ways of hunting have been devised.
καὶ δὴ καὶ γαλᾶς ἀγρίας ἃς ἡ Λιβύη φέρει τρέφουσιν ἐπίτηδες, ἃς φιμώσαντες παριᾶσιν εἰς τὰς ὀπάς· αἱ δʼ ἐξέλκουσιν ἔξω τοῖς ὄνυξιν οὓς ἂν καταλάβωσιν, ἢ φεύγειν ἀναγκάζουσιν εἰς τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν, ἐκπεσόντας δὲ θηρεύουσιν οἱ ἐφεστῶτες.
In particular, they breed wild weasels which Libya produces, and, having muzzled them, they let them into the holes; and these drag out with their claws those they catch, or force them to flee to the surface, and those who stand by hunt them down as they leap out.
τὴν δὲ ἀφθονίαν τῶν ἐκκομιζομένων ἐκ τῆς Τουρδητανίας ἐμφανίζει τὸ μέγεθος καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ναυκληρίων· ὁλκάδες γὰρ μέγισται παρὰ τούτων πλέουσιν εἰς Δικαιάρχειαν καὶ τὰ Ὤστια τῆς Ῥώμης ἐπίνειον·
The abundance of the exports from Turdetania is shown by the size and the number of the merchant vessels; for the largest merchant ships sail from here to Dicaearchia and Ostia, the port of Rome.
τὸ δὲ πλῆθος μικροῦ δεῖν ἐνάμιλλον τοῖς Λιβυκοῖς.
And the number is almost a rival to the Libyan fleets.