§17.2.1πολλὰ δʼ εἴρηται περὶ τῶν Αἰθιοπικῶν ἐν τοῖς πρότερον, ὥστε συμπεριωδευμένα ἂν εἴη τῇ Αἰγύπτῳ καὶ τὰ τούτων.
Much has been said about the Ethiopian matters in the previous parts, so that their affairs would also be included in the survey of Egypt.
ὡς δʼ εἰπεῖν, τὰ ἄκρα τῆς οἰκουμένης τὰ παρακείμενα τῇ δυσκράτῳ καὶ ἀοικήτῳ διὰ καῦμα ἢ ψῦχος ἀνάγκη ἀποτεύγματα εἶναι τῆς εὐκράτου καὶ ἐλαττώματα· ταῦτα δʼ ἐκ τῶν βίων δῆλα καὶ τῆς πρὸς τὰς χρείας τὰς ἀνθρωπικὰς ἀπορίας.
To speak generally, the extremities of the inhabited world which lie adjacent to the region that is uninhabitable and of harsh climate because of heat or cold must of necessity be failures and defects of the temperate region; and these things are clear from their modes of life and their lack of resources for human needs.
κακόβιοί τε δὴ καὶ γυμνῆτές εἰσι τὰ πολλὰ καὶ νομάδες· τά τε βοσκήματα αὐτοῖς ἐστι μικρά, πρόβατα καὶ αἶγες καὶ βόες· καὶ κύνες μικροί, τραχεῖς δὲ καὶ μάχιμοι.
Indeed, they are for the most part wretched in their lives, go naked, and are nomads; their domestic animals also are small, namely sheep, goats, and cattle; and their dogs are small, but rough and fierce.
τάχα δὲ καὶ τοὺς Πυγμαίους ἀπὸ τῆς τούτων μικροφυΐας ὑπενόησαν καὶ ἀνέπλασαν· ἑωρακὼς μὲν γὰρ οὐδεὶς ἐξηγεῖται τῶν πίστεως ἀξίων ἀνδρῶν.
And perhaps they suspected the existence of the Pygmies and fabricated them from the small stature of these people; for no one worthy of belief reports having seen them.
§17.2.2ζῶσί τʼ ἀπὸ κέγχρου καὶ κριθῆς, ἀφʼ ὧν καὶ ποτὸν ποιοῦσιν * αὐτοῖς ἔστιν· ἔλαιον δὲ βούτυρον καὶ στέαρ· οὐδʼ ἀκρόδρυα ἔχουσι πλὴν φοινίκων ὀλίγων ἐν κήποις βασιλικοῖς· ἔνιοι δὲ καὶ πόαν σιτοῦνται καὶ κλῶνας ἁπαλοὺς καὶ λωτὸν καὶ καλάμου ῥίζαν· κρέασι δὲ χρῶνται καὶ αἵματι καὶ γάλακτι καὶ τυρῷ.
And they live on millet and barley, from which they also make a drink; and they have no <vegetable> oil, but use butter and fat instead; nor do they have fruit-trees, except a few date-palms in the royal gardens; some also eat grass, tender twigs, lotus, and the root of the reed; and they use meat, blood, milk, and cheese.
σέβονται δʼ ὡς θεοὺς τοὺς βασιλέας κατακλείστους ὄντας καὶ οἰκουροὺς τὸ πλέον.
And they worship as gods their kings, who remain shut up and stay at home for the most part.
ἔστι δὲ τὸ μέγιστον αὐτοῖς βασίλειον ἡ Μερόη, πόλις ὁμώνυμος τῇ νήσῳ· τὴν δὲ νῆσον θυρεοειδῆ φασι τὸ σχῆμα, τό τε μέγεθος τάχα πρὸς ὑπερβολὴν εἴρηται μῆκος μὲν ὅσον τρισχιλίων σταδίων εὖρος δὲ χιλίων.
Their largest royal residence is Meroe, a city homonymous with the island; and they say that the island is shield-shaped, and its size is perhaps stated with exaggeration, being about three thousand stadia in length and one thousand in breadth.
ἔχει δʼ ἡ νῆσος συχνὰ καὶ ὄρη καὶ δάση μεγάλα· οἰκοῦσι δʼ οἱ μὲν νομάδες οἱ δὲ θηρευτικοὶ οἱ δὲ γεωργοί· ἔστι δὲ καὶ χαλκωρυχεῖα καὶ σιδηρουργεῖα καὶ χρυσεῖα καὶ λίθων γένη πολυτελῶν· περιέχεται δʼ ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς Λιβύης θισὶ μεγάλοις, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς Ἀραβίας κρημνοῖς συνεχέσιν, ἄνωθεν δʼ ἐκ νότου ταῖς * συμβολαῖς τῶν ποταμῶν, τοῦ τε Ἀσταβόρα καὶ τοῦ Ἀστάποδος καὶ τοῦ Ἀστασόβα· πρὸς ἄρκτον δʼ ἡ ἐφεξῆς ῥύσις τοῦ Νείλου καὶ μέχρι Αἰγύπτου κατὰ τὴν λεχθεῖσαν πρότερον σκολιότητα τοῦ ποταμοῦ.
The island has many mountains and large forests; and its inhabitants are partly nomads, partly hunters, and partly husbandmen; and there are also copper mines, ironworks, gold mines, and various kinds of precious stones; and it is surrounded on the side of Libya by great sand-dunes, on the side of Arabia by continuous cliffs, and from above on the south by the confluence of the rivers Astaboras, Astapus, and Astasobas; and on the north by the contiguous course of the Nile, which extends as far as Egypt, following the tortuous course of the river previously mentioned.
ἐν δὲ ταῖς πόλεσιν αἱ οἰκήσεις ἐκ φοινικίνων σχιζῶν * διαπλεκόμεναι τοίχων ἢ πλίνθων· ὀρυκτοὶ δὲ ἅλες καθάπερ ἐν τοῖς Ἄραψι·
In the cities, the dwellings are made of split palm-wood interwoven for walls, or of bricks; and there is mined salt, as among the Arabs.
πλεονάζει δὲ τῶν φυτῶν ὅ τε φοῖνιξ καὶ ἡ περσέα καὶ ὁ ἔβενος καὶ ἡ κερατία· θήρα δὲ καὶ ἐλεφάντων ἐστὶ καὶ λεόντων καὶ παρδάλεων·
Among the plants, the date-palm, the persea, the ebony, and the carob-tree are abundant; and there is hunting of elephants, lions, and leopards.
εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ δράκοντες οἱ ἐλεφαντομάχοι καὶ ἄλλα θηρία πλείω· καταφεύγει γὰρ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐμπυρωτέρων καὶ αὐχμηροτέρων ἐπὶ τὰ ὑδρηλὰ καὶ ἑλώδη.
There are also dragons which fight with elephants, and many other wild beasts; for they flee from the more parched and arid regions to the wet and marshy places.
§17.2.3̔υπέρκειται δὲ τῆς Μερόης ἡ Ψεβὼ λίμνη μεγάλη νῆσον ἔχουσα οἰκουμένην ἱκανῶς.
Above Meroe lies the Psebo lake, which is large and contains an island tolerably well inhabited.
συμβαίνει δὲ τοῦ Νείλου τὴν μὲν δυσμικὴν παραποταμίαν ἐχόντων τῶν Λιβύων, τὴν δὲ πέραν Αἰθιόπων, παρὰ μέρος αὐτῶν τὴν ἐπικράτειαν εἶναι τῶν νήσων καὶ τῆς ποταμίας, ἐξελαυνομένων τῶν ἑτέρων καὶ παραχωρούντων τοῖς κρείττοσι γενομένοις.
And it happens that, since the Libyans hold the western bank of the Nile, and the Ethiopians the country on the opposite side, the dominion over the islands and the river-land belongs to them alternately, as the one party is driven out and yields to those who have become stronger.
χρῶνται δὲ καὶ τόξοις Αἰθίοπες τετραπήχεσι ξυλίνοις πεπυρακτωμένοις· ὁπλίζουσι δὲ καὶ τὰς γυναῖκας, ὧν αἱ πλείους κεκρίκωνται τὸ χεῖλος τοῦ στόματος χαλκῷ κρίκῳ·
The Ethiopians also use wooden bows four cubits long which are hardened by fire; and they also arm their women, most of whom have their lips pierced with a bronze ring.
κωδιοφόροι δʼ εἰσίν, ἐρέαν οὐκ ἔχοντες, τῶν προβάτων αἰγοτριχούντων· οἱ δὲ γυμνῆτές εἰσιν, οἳ καὶ περιέζωνται μικρὰ κώδια ἢ τρίχινα πλέγματα εὐυφῆ.
They wear sheepskins, since they have no wool, their sheep having hair like goats; and some go naked, or wrap themselves in small sheepskins or well-woven girdles of hair.
θεὸν δὲ νομίζουσι τὸν μὲν ἀθάνατον (τοῦτον δʼ εἶναι τὸν αἴτιον τῶν πάντων) τὸν δὲ θνητὸν ἀνώνυμόν τινα καὶ οὐ σαφῆ· ὡς δʼ ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ τοὺς εὐεργέτας καὶ βασιλικοὺς θεοὺς νομίζουσι, καὶ τούτων τοὺς μὲν βασιλέας κοινοὺς ἁπάντων σωτῆρας καὶ φύλακας, τοὺς δʼ ἰδιώτας ἰδίως τοῖς εὖ παθοῦσιν ὑπʼ αὐτῶν.
They believe in two gods, one immortal (who is the cause of all things) and another mortal, who is unnamed and not clearly defined; but as a general rule they regard their benefactors and royal persons as gods; and of these, they look upon the kings as the common saviors and guardians of all, and upon private individuals as gods in a peculiar sense to those who have received benefits from them.
τῶν δὲ πρὸς τῇ διακεκαυμένῃ τινὲς καὶ ἄθεοι νομίζονται, οὕς γε καὶ τὸν ἥλιόν φασιν ἐχθαίρειν καὶ κακῶς λέγειν ἐπειδὰν προσίδωσιν ἀνίσχοντα, ὡς καίοντα καὶ πολεμοῦντα αὐτοῖς, καταφεύγειν τε εἰς τὰ ἕλη.
Some of those who live in the torrid zone are even considered atheists; indeed, they are said to hate the sun and to speak ill of it when they see it rising, on the ground that it burns them and makes war upon them, and to flee into the marshes.
οἱ δʼ ἐν Μερόῃ καὶ Ἡρακλέα καὶ Πᾶνα καὶ Ἶσιν σέβονται πρὸς ἄλλῳ τινὶ βαρβαρικῷ θεῷ.
But those in Meroe worship Heracles, Pan, and Isis, besides some other barbarian god.
τοὺς δὲ νεκροὺς οἱ μὲν εἰς τὸν ποταμὸν ἐκρίπτουσιν, οἱ δʼ οἴκοι κατέχουσι περιχέαντες ὕαλον· τινὲς δὲ ἐν κεραμέαις σοροῖς κατορύττουσι κύκλῳ τῶν ἱερῶν, ὅρκον τε τὸν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἀπαιτοῦσι καὶ πάντων ἁγιστεύουσι μάλιστα.
As for the dead, some cast them into the river, and others keep them in their houses, having poured glass around them; and some bury them in clay coffins around the temples, and they require oaths to be taken by them, and hold these as the most sacred of all.
βασιλέας τε καθιστᾶσι τοὺς κάλλει διαφέροντας ἢ ἀρετῇ κτηνοτροφίας ἢ ἀνδρείᾳ ἢ πλούτῳ.
And they appoint as kings those who excel in beauty, or in skill in cattle-breeding, or in courage, or in wealth.
ἐν δὲ τῇ Μερόῃ κυριωτάτην τάξιν ἐπεῖχον οἱ ἱερεῖς τὸ παλαιόν, οἵ γε καὶ τῷ βασιλεῖ προσέταττον ἔσθʼ ὅτε ἀποθνήσκειν πέμψαντες ἄγγελον καὶ καθίστασαν ἀντʼ αὐτοῦ ἕτερον· ὕστερον δὲ κατέλυσέ τις τῶν βασιλέων τὸ ἔθος, ἐπιὼν μεθʼ ὅπλων ἐπὶ τὸ ἱερόν, ὅπου ὁ χρυσοῦς νεώς ἐστι, καὶ τοὺς ἱερέας ἀποσφάξας πάντας.
In Meroe, the priests held the most influential position in ancient times, who indeed would sometimes even order the king to die by sending a messenger, and would appoint another in his stead; but later, one of the kings abolished this custom by marching with arms upon the temple, where the golden shrine is, and slaughtering all the priests.
ἔστι δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ἔθος Αἰθιοπικόν· ὃς γὰρ ἂν τῶν βασιλέων πηρωθῇ μέρος τι τοῦ σώματος ὁπωσοῦν, τὸ αὐτὸ πάσχουσιν οἱ συνόντες αὐτῷ μάλιστα, οἱ δʼ αὐτοὶ καὶ συναποθνήσκουσιν· ἐκ δὲ τούτου φυλακὴ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐστὶ πλείστη παρʼ αὐτῶν.
The following is also an Ethiopian custom: if any of their kings is maimed in any part of his body in any way, his closest companions suffer the same thing, and these same companions also die with him; and consequently, the greatest care is taken by them for the safety of the king.
περὶ μὲν Αἰθιόπων ἀρκέσει ταῦτα.
Let this suffice concerning the Ethiopians.