§15.1.26δεῖ δὲ καὶ τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα περὶ τῶν ποταμῶν εἰπεῖν ὅσα πρὸς τὴν γεωγραφίαν χρήσιμα καὶ ὅσων ἱστορίαν παρειλήφαμεν.
And we must also speak of the details concerning the rivers, as many as are useful for geography and of which we have received the history.
ἄλλως τε γὰρ οἱ ποταμοὶ φυσικοί τινες ὅροι καὶ μεγεθῶν καὶ σχημάτων τῆς χώρας ὄντες ἐπιτηδειότητα πολλὴν παρέχουσι πρὸς ὅλην τὴν νῦν ὑπόθεσιν.
For otherwise, the rivers, being certain natural boundaries both of the sizes and the shapes of the countries, afford great suitability for our whole present subject.
ὁ δὲ Νεῖλος καὶ οἱ κατὰ τὴν Ἰνδικὴν πλεονέκτημά τι ἔχουσι παρὰ τοὺς ἄλλους διὰ τὸ τὴν χώραν ἀοίκητον εἶναι χωρὶς αὐτῶν, πλωτὴν ἅμα καὶ γεωργήσιμον οὖσαν, καὶ μήτʼ ἐφοδεύεσθαι δυναμένην ἄλλως μήτʼ οἰκεῖσθαι τὸ παράπαν.
But the Nile and the rivers in India have a certain advantage over the others because the country is uninhabitable without them, being at the same time navigable and agricultural, and not being able to be traveled in other ways or inhabited at all.
τοὺς μὲν οὖν εἰς τὸν Ἰνδὸν καταφερομένους ἱστοροῦμεν τοὺς ἀξίους μνήμης καὶ τὰς χώρας, διʼ ὧν ἡ φορά, τῶν δʼ ἄλλων ἐστὶν ἄγνοια πλείων ἢ γνῶσις.
Therefore, of those flowing down into the Indus, we record those worthy of mention and the countries through which their course is, but of the others there is more ignorance than knowledge.
Ἀλέξανδρος γὰρ ὁ μάλιστα ταῦτʼ ἀνακαλύψας κατʼ ἀρχὰς μέν, ἡνίκα οἱ Δαρεῖον δολοφονήσαντες ὥρμησαν ἐπὶ τὴν τῆς Βακτριανῆς ἀπόστασιν, ἔγνω προυργιαίτατον ὂν διώκειν καὶ καταλύειν ἐκείνους.
For Alexander, who most of all discovered these parts, at first indeed, when those who assassinated Darius set out for the rebellion of Bactria, judged it to be of the utmost importance to pursue and destroy them.
ἧκε μὲν οὖν τῆς Ἰνδικῆς πλησίον διʼ Ἀριανῶν, ἀφεὶς δʼ αὐτὴν ἐν δεξιᾷ ὑπερέβη τὸν Παροπάμισον εἰς τὰ προσάρκτια μέρη καὶ τὴν Βακτριανήν· καταστρεψάμενος δὲ τἀκεῖ πάντα ὅσα ἦν ὑπὸ Πέρσαις καὶ ἔτι πλείω, τότʼ ἤδη καὶ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ὠρέχθη, λεγόντων μὲν περὶ αὐτῆς πολλῶν οὐ σαφῶς δέ.
He came indeed near India through the Ariani, but leaving it on his right, he crossed the Paropamisus into the northern parts and Bactria; and having subdued all things there that were under the Persians, and still more, then at last he desired India too, many indeed speaking of it but not clearly.
ἀνέστρεψε δʼ οὖν ὑπερθεὶς τὰ αὐτὰ ὄρη κατʼ ἄλλας ὁδοὺς ἐπιτομωτέρας ἐν ἀριστερᾷ ἔχων τὴν Ἰνδικήν, εἶτʼ ἐπέστρεψεν εὐθὺς ἐπʼ αὐτὴν καὶ τοὺς ὅρους τοὺς ἑσπερίους αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν Κώφην ποταμὸν καὶ τὸν Χοάσπην, ὃς εἰς τὸν Κώφην ἐμβάλλει ποταμὸν κατὰ Πλημύριον πόλιν, ῥυεὶς παρὰ * Γώρυδι ἄλλην πόλιν, καὶ διεξιὼν τήν τε Βανδοβηνὴν καὶ τὴν Γανδαρῖτιν.
At any rate, he returned, crossing over the same mountains by other, more shortcut routes, having India on his left, and then turned immediately toward it and its western boundaries, and the river Cophen and the Choaspes, which empties into the river Cophen near the city of Plemyrium, after flowing past another city, Gorydis, and passing through both Bandobene and Gandaritis.
ἐπυνθάνετο δʼ οἰκήσιμον εἶναι μάλιστα καὶ εὔκαρπον τὴν ὀρεινὴν καὶ προσάρκτιον· τὴν δὲ νότιον τὴν μὲν ἄνυδρον τὴν δὲ ποταμόκλυστον καὶ τελέως ἔκπυρον, θηρίοις τε μᾶλλον ἢ ἀνθρώποις σύμμετρον.
And he learned that the mountainous and northern part was most habitable and fruitful; but the southern part was partly waterless, partly flooded by rivers and completely burnt by heat, suited more for wild beasts than for men.
ὥρμησεν οὖν τὴν ἐπαινουμένην κατακτᾶσθαι πρότερον, ἅμα καὶ τοὺς ποταμοὺς εὐπερατοτέρους νομίσας τῶν πηγῶν πλησίον, οὓς ἀναγκαῖον ἦν διαβαίνειν, ἐπικαρσίους ὄντας καὶ τέμνοντας ἣν ἐπῄει γῆν.
He set out therefore to conquer first the praised part, at the same time thinking that the rivers would be easier to cross near their sources, which it was necessary to cross, as they were transverse and cutting through the land he was invading.
ἅμα δὲ καὶ ἤκουσεν εἰς ἓν πλείους συνιόντας ῥεῖν, καὶ τοῦτʼ ἀεὶ καὶ μᾶλλον συμβαῖνον ὅσῳ πλεῖον εἰς τὸ πρόσθεν προΐοιεν, ὥστʼ εἶναι δυσπερατοτέραν, καὶ ταῦτα ἐν πλοίων ἀπορίᾳ.
At the same time, he also heard that several of them, uniting into one, flowed together, and that this happened more and more the further forward they proceeded, so that it became more difficult to cross, and that too in a lack of boats.
δεδιὼς οὖν τοῦτο διέβη τὸν Κώφην, καὶ κατεστρέφετο τὴν ὀρεινὴν ὅση ἐτέτραπτο πρὸς ἕω.
Fearing this, therefore, he crossed the Cophen, and subdued all the mountainous country that was turned toward the east.
§15.1.27ἦν δὲ μετὰ τὸν Κώφην ὁ Ἰνδός, εἶθʼ ὁ Ὑδάσπης, εἶθʼ ὁ Ἀκεσίνης καὶ ὁ Ὑάρωτις, ὕστατος δʼ ὁ Ὕπανις.
And after the Cophen was the Indus, then the Hydaspes, then the Acesines and the Hyarotis, and last the Hypanis.
περαιτέρω γὰρ προελθεῖν ἐκωλύθη, τοῦτο μὲν μαντείοις τισὶ προσέχων τοῦτο δʼ ὑπὸ τῆς στρατιᾶς ἀπηγορευκυίας ἤδη πρὸς τοὺς πόνους ἀναγκασθείς· μάλιστα δʼ ἐκ τῶν ὑδάτων ἔκαμνον συνεχῶς ὑόμενοι.
For he was prevented from advancing further, partly paying attention to certain oracles, and partly forced by his army, which was already exhausted by the hardships; and they suffered most from the waters, being continuously rained upon.
ταῦτʼ οὖν ἐγένετο γνώριμα ἡμῖν τῶν ἑωθινῶν τῆς Ἰνδικῆς μερῶν, ὅσα ἐντὸς τοῦ Ὑπάνιος, καὶ εἴ τινα προσιστόρησαν οἱ μετʼ ἐκεῖνον περαιτέρω τοῦ Ὑπάνιος προελθόντες μέχρι τοῦ Γάγγου καὶ Παλιβόθρων.
These things, therefore, became known to us of the eastern parts of India, as many as are within the Hypanis, and whatever those who went further beyond the Hypanis after him as far as the Ganges and Palibothra reported in addition.
μετὰ μὲν οὖν τὸν Κώφην ὁ Ἰνδὸς ῥεῖ· τὰ δὲ μεταξὺ τούτων τῶν δυεῖν ποταμῶν ἔχουσιν Ἀστακηνοί τε καὶ Μασιανοὶ καὶ Νυσαῖοι καὶ Ὑπάσιοι· εἶθʼ ἡ Ἀσσακανοῦ, ὅπου Μασόγα πόλις, τὸ βασίλειον τῆς χώρας.
Now, after the Cophen flows the Indus; and the space between these two rivers is held by the Astaceni, the Masiani, the Nysaei, and the Hypasii; then the land of Assacanus, where is the city of Masoga, the royal residence of the country.
ἤδη δὲ πρὸς τῷ Ἰνδῷ πάλιν ἄλλη πόλις Πευκολαῖτις, πρὸς ᾗ ζεῦγμα γενηθὲν ἐπεραίωσε τὴν στρατιάν.
And indeed, near the Indus again is another city, Peucolaitis, near which a bridge being made, he crossed his army over.