§15.1.23ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς αὐτῆς αἰτίας καὶ τοῦτο συμβαίνειν εἰκὸς ὅπερ φησὶν οὗτος, ὅτι τῷ ἡμίσει πυρὶ ἕψει τὸ τοῦ Νείλου ὕδωρ ἢ τὰ ἄλλα.
And from the same cause it is likely that this also happens, which this writer says: namely, that [the sun] boils the water of the Nile with half the heat as it does other waters.
ὅσῳ δέ γε φησὶ τὸ μὲν τοῦ Νείλου ὕδωρ διʼ εὐθείας ἔπεισι πολλὴν χώραν καὶ στενὴν καὶ μεταβάλλει πολλὰ κλίματα καὶ πολλοὺς ἀέρας, τὰ δʼ Ἰνδικὰ ῥεύματα ἐς πεδία ἀναχεῖται μείζω καὶ πλατύτερα ἐνδιατρίβοντα πολὺν χρόνον τοῖς αὐτοῖς κλίμασι, τοσῷδε ἐκεῖνα τούτου τροφιμώτερα, διότι καὶ τὰ κήτη μείζω τε καὶ πλείω·
But in so far as, he says, the water of the Nile indeed flows in a straight course through a long and narrow country and changes many climates and many atmospheres, while the Indian streams pour out into larger and wider plains, staying a long time in the same climates, by so much are the latter more nourishing than the former, because also their sea-monsters are both larger and more numerous.
καὶ ἐκ τῶν νεφῶν δὲ ἑφθὸν ἤδη χεῖσθαι τὸ ὕδωρ.
And indeed, the water from the clouds is poured down already boiled.
§15.1.24τοῦτο δʼ οἱ μὲν περὶ Ἀριστόβουλον οὐκ ἂν συγχωροῖεν οἱ φάσκοντες μὴ ὕεσθαι τὰ πεδία.
But Aristobulus and his followers would not agree to this, who assert that the plains are not rained upon.
Ὀνησικρίτῳ δὲ δοκεῖ τόδε τὸ ὕδωρ αἴτιον εἶναι τῶν ἐν τοῖς ζῴοις ἰδιωμάτων, καὶ φέρει σημεῖον τὸ καὶ τὰς χρόας τῶν πινόντων βοσκημάτων ξενικῶν ἀλλάττεσθαι πρὸς τὸ ἐπιχώριον.
But to Onesicritus this water seems to be the cause of the peculiar characteristics of the animals, and he brings as proof the fact that the colors of foreign cattle that drink it are changed to that of the local ones.
τοῦτο μὲν οὖν εὖ, οὐκέτι δὲ καὶ τοῦ μέλανας εἶναι καὶ οὐλότριχας τοὺς Αἰθίοπας ἐν ψιλοῖς τοῖς ὕδασι τὴν αἰτίαν τιθέναι, μέμφεσθαι δὲ τὸν Θεοδέκτην εἰς αὐτὸν τὸν ἥλιον ἀναφέροντα τὸ αἴτιον, ὅς φησιν οὕτως
οἷς ἀγχιτέρμων ἥλιος διφρηλατῶν σκοτεινὸν ἄνθος ἐξέχρωσε λιγνύος εἰς σώματʼ ἀνδρῶν, καὶ συνέστρεψεν κόμας μορφαῖς ἀναυξήτοισι συντήξας πυρός. ἔχοι δʼ ἄν τινα λόγον· φησὶ γὰρ μήτε ἐγγυτέρω τοῖς Αἰθίοψιν εἶναι τὸν ἥλιον ἢ τοῖς ἄλλοις, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον κατὰ κάθετον εἶναι, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐπικαίεσθαι πλέον, ὥστʼ οὐκ εὖ λέγεσθαι ἀγχιτέρμονα αὐτοῖς τὸν ἥλιον ἴσον πάντων διέχοντα· μήτε τὸ θάλπος εἶναι τοῦ τοιούτου πάθους αἴτιον· μηδὲ γὰρ τοῖς ἐν γαστρί, ὧν οὐχ ἅπτεται ἥλιος.
Now, this indeed is well, but it is no longer well to place the cause of the Ethiopians being black and curly-haired in the waters alone, and to find fault with Theodectes who attributes the cause to the sun itself, who says thus: "For whom the sun, driving his chariot nearby, colored the skin with a dark soot-like bloom on the bodies of men, and curled their hair, fusing it with shrunken forms by his fire." And his criticism might have some reason; for he says that the sun is not nearer to the Ethiopians than to others, but rather is more directly overhead, and because of this it burns them more, so that it is not well said that the sun is 'neighboring' to them, since it is equally distant from all; nor is the heat the cause of such an affection, for it does not affect those in the womb, whom the sun does not touch.
βελτίους δὲ οἱ τὸν ἥλιον αἰτιώμενοι καὶ τὴν ἐξ αὐτοῦ ἐπίκαυσιν κατʼ ἐπίλειψιν σφοδρὰν τῆς ἐπιπολῆς ἰκμάδος· καθʼ ὃ καὶ τοὺς Ἰνδοὺς μὴ οὐλοτριχεῖν φαμεν, μηδʼ οὕτως ἀπεφεισμένως ἐπικεκαῦσθαι τὴν χρόαν, ὅτι ὑγροῦ κοινωνοῦσιν ἀέρος.
But those are better who blame the sun and the burning from it, combined with a severe lack of surface moisture; in accordance with which we say that the Indians also do not have curly hair, nor is their skin so unsparingly burnt, because they share in a humid air.
ἐν δὲ τῇ γαστρὶ ἤδη κατὰ σπερματικὴν διάδοσιν τοιαῦτα γίνεται οἷα τὰ γεννῶντα· καὶ γὰρ πάθη συγγενικὰ οὕτω λέγεται καὶ ἄλλαι ὁμοιότητες.
But in the womb, already by seminal transmission, such things become like the parents; for indeed hereditary diseases and other likenesses are explained in this way.
καὶ τὸ πάντων δʼ ἴσον ἀπέχειν τὸν ἥλιον πρὸς αἴσθησιν λέγεται, οὐ πρὸς λόγον· καὶ πρὸς αἴσθησιν, οὐχ ὡς ἔτυχεν ἀλλʼ ὥς φαμεν σημείου λόγον ἔχειν τὴν γῆν πρὸς τὴν τοῦ ἡλίου σφαῖραν· ἐπεὶ πρός γε τὴν τοιαύτην αἴσθησιν καθʼ ἣν θάλπους ἀντιλαμβανόμεθα, ἐγγύθεν μὲν μᾶλλον πόρρωθεν δὲ ἧττον, οὐκ ἴσον· οὕτω δʼ ἀγχιτέρμων ὁ ἥλιος λέγεται τοῖς Αἰθίοψιν, οὐχ ὡς Ὀνησικρίτῳ δέδοκται.
And the statement that the sun is equally distant from all is said in relation to sensation, not to reason; and even in relation to sensation, not in any chance way, but in the sense that we say the earth has the relation of a point to the sphere of the sun; since, at least in relation to that kind of sensation by which we perceive heat, it is more from nearby and less from far away, and not equal; and in this way the sun is said to be 'neighboring' to the Ethiopians, and not in the way Onesicritus has decided.
§15.1.25καὶ τοῦτο δὲ τῶν ὁμολογουμένων ἐστὶ καὶ τῶν σωζόντων τὴν πρὸς τὴν Αἴγυπτον ὁμοιότητα καὶ τὴν Αἰθιοπίαν, ὅτι τῶν πεδίων ὅσα μὴ ἐπίκλυστα, ἄκαρπά ἐστι διὰ τὴν ἀνυδρίαν.
And this also is among the agreed facts and those that preserve the similarity to Egypt and Ethiopia, namely, that of the plains, as many as are not flooded are unfruitful because of the lack of water.
Νέαρχος δὲ τὸ ζητούμενον πρότερον ἐπὶ τοῦ Νείλου πόθεν ἡ πλήρωσις αὐτοῦ, διδάσκειν ἔφη τοὺς Ἰνδικοὺς ποταμοὺς ὅτι ἐκ τῶν θερινῶν ὄμβρων συμβαίνει· Ἀλέξανδρον δʼ ἐν μὲν τῷ Ὑδάσπῃ κροκοδείλους ἰδόντα, ἐν δὲ τῷ Ἀκεσίνῃ κυάμους Αἰγυπτίους, εὑρηκέναι δόξαι τὰς τοῦ Νείλου πηγάς, καὶ παρασκευάζεσθαι στόλον εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον ὡς τῷ ποταμῷ τούτῳ μέχρι ἐκεῖσε πλευσόμενον· μικρὸν δʼ ὕστερον γνῶναι διότι οὐ δύναται ὃ ἤλπισε· μέσσῳ γὰρ μεγάλοι ποταμοὶ καὶ δεινὰ ῥέεθρα, Ὠκεανὸς μὲν πρῶτον,
εἰς ὃν ἐκδιδόασιν οἱ Ἰνδικοὶ πάντες ποταμοί, ἔπειτα ἡ Ἀριανὴ καὶ ὁ Περσικὸς κόλπος καὶ ὁ Ἀράβιος καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ Ἀραβία καὶ ἡ Τρωγλοδυτική.
But Nearchus said that the question formerly asked about the Nile, whence its flooding comes, is taught by the Indian rivers, namely, that it happens from the summer rains; and that Alexander, having seen crocodiles in the Hydaspes and Egyptian beans in the Acesines, thought he had found the sources of the Nile, and was preparing a fleet for Egypt with the intention of sailing by this river as far as that place; but a little later he realized that what he hoped for was impossible; "for in the midst are great rivers and terrible streams, Ocean first," into which all the Indian rivers empty, and then Ariana, the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Gulf, Arabia itself, and Troglodytica.
τὰ μὲν οὖν περὶ τῶν ἀνέμων καὶ τῶν ὄμβρων τοιαῦτα λέγεται καὶ τῆς πληρώσεως τῶν ποταμῶν καὶ τῆς ἐπικλύσεως τῶν πεδίων.
Such, then, are the things said about the winds and the rains, and the filling of the rivers, and the flooding of the plains.