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Strabo · Geography §14.3.5-14.3.10

Geography of Lycia and the Passage of Alexander

Passage 460 of 577 · Greek

Summary

The author details the geographical layout of Lycia, including its cities, mountains, and rivers, recounting Alexander the Great's passage along Mount Climax and discussing Homer's distinction between the Solymi and the Lycians.

§14.3.5εἶθʼ ἑξῆς ὁ Ἀντίκραγος, ὄρθιον ὄρος, ἐφʼ ᾧ Καρμυλησσὸς χωρίον ἐν φάραγγι ᾠκημένον, καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον ὁ Κράγος, ἔχων ἄκρας ὀκτὼ καὶ πόλιν ὁμώνυμον.
Then next is Anticragus, a steep mountain, upon which is situated Carmylessus, a settlement in a ravine; and after this is Cragus, which has eight peaks and a city of the same name.
περὶ ταῦτα μυθεύεται τὰ ὄρη τὰ περὶ τῆς Χιμαίρας· ἔστι δʼ οὐκ ἄπωθεν καὶ ἡ Χίμαιρα φάραγξ τις ἀπὸ τοῦ αἰγιαλοῦ ἀνατείνουσα.
Around these mountains is localized the myth of the Chimaera; and not far off is also the Chimaera, a certain ravine extending upwards from the shore.
ὑπόκειται δὲ τῷ Κράγῳ Πίναρα ἐν μεσογαίᾳ, τῶν μεγίστων οὖσα πόλεων ἐν τῇ Λυκίᾳ.
At the foot of Cragus lies Pinara in the interior, which is one of the largest cities in Lycia.
ἐνταῦθα δὲ Πάνδαρος τιμᾶται, τυχὸν ἴσως ὁμώνυμος τῷ Τρωικῷ· καὶ γὰρ τοῦτον ἐκ Λυκίας φασίν.
Here Pandarus is honored, who is perhaps homonymous with the Trojan Pandarus; for they say that he too was from Lycia.
§14.3.6εἶθʼ ὁ Ξάνθος ποταμός, ὃν Σίρβιν ἐκάλουν τὸ πρότερον· ἀναπλεύσαντι δʼ ὑπηρετικοῖς δέκα σταδίους τὸ Λητῷον ἔστιν· ὑπὲρ δὲ τοῦ ἱεροῦ προελθόντι ἑξήκοντα ἡ πόλις ἡ τῶν Ξανθίων ἐστὶ μεγίστη τῶν ἐν Λυκίᾳ.
Then comes the river Xanthus, which they formerly called Sirbis; and for one sailing up ten stadia in light vessels, there is the Letoum; and for one going on sixty stadia above the temple, there is the city of the Xanthians, the largest of those in Lycia.
μετὰ δὲ τὴν Ξάνθον Πάταρα, καὶ αὕτη μεγάλη πόλις λιμένα ἔχουσα καὶ ἱερὰ Ἀπόλλωνος, κτίσμα Πατάρου.
After Xanthus is Patara, which is also a large city with a harbor and a temple of Apollo, a foundation of Patarus.
Πτολεμαῖος δʼ ὁ φιλάδελφος ἐπισκευάσας Ἀρσινόην ἐκάλεσε τὴν ἐν Λυκίᾳ, ἐπεκράτησε δὲ τὸ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὄνομα.
Ptolemy Philadelphus, having repaired it, called it Arsinoe in Lycia, but the original name prevailed.
§14.3.7εἶτα Μύρα ἐν εἴκοσι σταδίοις ὑπὲρ τῆς θαλάττης ἐπὶ μετεώρου λόφου.
Then Myra, situated twenty stadia above the sea on a high hill.
εἶθʼ ἡ ἐκβολὴ τοῦ Λιμύρου ποταμοῦ καὶ ἀνιόντι πεζῇ σταδίους εἴκοσι τὰ Λίμυρα πολίχνη.
Next is the outlet of the river Limyrus, and for one going up twenty stadia on foot, there is the small town of Limyra.
μεταξὺ δʼ ἐν τῷ λεχθέντι παράπλῳ νησία πολλὰ καὶ λιμένες, ὧν καὶ Μεγίστη νῆσος καὶ πόλις ὁμώνυμος, καὶ ἡ Κισθήνη.
In the interval, during the aforementioned coastal voyage, there are many small islands and harbors, among which is the island of Megiste and the city of the same name, and Cisthene.
ἐν δὲ τῇ μεσογαίᾳ χωρία Φελλὸς καὶ Ἀντίφελλος καὶ ἡ Χίμαιρα, ἧς ἐμνήσθημεν ἐπάνω.
In the interior are the settlements of Phellus, Antiphellus, and the Chimaera, of which we made mention above.
§14.3.8εἶθʼ Ἱερὰ ἄκρα καὶ αἱ Χελιδόνιαι τρεῖς νῆσοι τραχεῖαι, πάρισοι τὸ μέγεθος, ὅσον πέντε σταδίοις ἀλλήλων διέχουσαι· τῆς δὲ γῆς ἀφεστᾶσιν ἑξαστάδιον· μία δʼ αὐτῶν καὶ πρόσορμον ἔχει.
Then the Sacred Promontory and the three Chelidoniae islands, which are rugged, nearly equal in size, and distant from each other about five stadia; they are six stadia distant from the mainland, and one of them has an anchorage.
ἐντεῦθεν νομίζουσιν οἱ πολλοὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν λαμβάνειν τὸν Ταῦρον διά τε τὴν ἄκραν ὑψηλὴν οὖσαν καὶ καθήκουσαν ἀπὸ τῶν Πισιδικῶν ὀρῶν τῶν ὑπερκειμένων τῆς Παμφυλίας καὶ διὰ τὰς προκειμένας νήσους ἐχούσας ἐπιφανές τι σημεῖον ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ κρασπέδου δίκην.
Most people believe that the Taurus begins here, both because the promontory is high and comes down from the Pisidian mountains that lie above Pamphylia, and because the islands lying before it have a prominent mark in the sea, like a fringe.
τὸ δʼ ἀληθὲς ἀπὸ τῆς Ῥοδίων περαίας ἐπὶ τὰ πρὸς Πισιδίαν μέρη συνεχής ἐστιν ἡ ὀρεινή, καλεῖται δὲ καὶ αὕτη Ταῦρος.
But the truth is that the mountainous country is continuous from the Rhodian Peraea to the parts towards Pisidia, and this too is called Taurus.
δοκοῦσι δὲ αἱ Χελιδόνιαι κατὰ Κάνωβόν πως πίπτειν· τὸ δὲ δίαρμα λέγεται τετρακισχιλίων σταδίων.
The Chelidoniae are thought to lie approximately in a line with Canopus; and the crossing is said to be four thousand stadia.
ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς Ἱερᾶς ἄκρας ἐπὶ τὴν Ὀλβίαν λείπονται στάδιοι τριακόσιοι ἑξήκοντα ἑπτά· ἐν τούτοις δʼ ἐστὶν ἥ τε Κράμβουσα καὶ Ὄλυμπος πόλις μεγάλη καὶ ὄρος ὁμώνυμον, ὃ καὶ Φοινικοῦς καλεῖται· εἶτα Κώρυκος ὁ αἰγιαλός.
From the Sacred Promontory to Olbia there remain three hundred and sixty-seven stadia; and among these are Crambusa, and Olympus, a large city and a mountain of the same name, which is also called Phoenicous; then comes Corycus, the shore.
§14.3.9εἶτα Φάσηλις τρεῖς ἔχουσα λιμένας, πόλις ἀξιόλογος καὶ λίμνη.
Then Phaselis, a notable city with three harbors, and a lake.
ὑπέρκειται δʼ αὐτῆς τὰ Σόλυμα ὄρος καὶ Τερμησσὸς Πισιδικὴ πόλις, ἐπικειμένη τοῖς στενοῖς διʼ ὧν ὑπέρβασίς ἐστιν εἰς τὴν Μιλυάδα.
Above it lies Mount Solyma and Termessus, a Pisidian city, situated over the pass through which there is a crossing into Milyas.
καὶ ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος διὰ τοῦτο ἐξεῖλεν αὐτὴν ἀνοῖξαι βουλόμενος τὰ στενά.
And Alexander for this reason destroyed it, wishing to open the pass.
περὶ Φασήλιδα δʼ ἐστὶ τὰ κατὰ θάλατταν στενά, διʼ ὧν Ἀλέξανδρος παρήγαγε τὴν στρατιάν.
Around Phaselis are the passes along the sea, through which Alexander led his army.
ἔστι δʼ ὄρος Κλῖμαξ καλούμενον, ἐπίκειται δὲ τῷ Παμφυλίῳ πελάγει, στενὴν ἀπολεῖπον πάροδον ἐπὶ τῷ αἰγιαλῷ ταῖς μὲν νηνεμίαις γυμνουμένην ὥστε εἶναι βάσιμον τοῖς ὁδεύουσι, πλημμύροντος δὲ τοῦ πελάγους ὑπὸ τῶν κυμάτων καλυπτομένην ἐπὶ πολύ·
There is a mountain called Climax, which lies upon the Pamphylian Sea, leaving a narrow passage on the shore, which in calm weather is bare so as to be passable for travelers, but when the sea is flooded, it is covered to a great extent by the waves.
ἡ μὲν οὖν διὰ τοῦ ὄρους ὑπέρβασις περίοδον ἔχει καὶ προσάντης ἐστί, τῷ δʼ αἰγιαλῷ χρῶνται κατὰ τὰς εὐδίας.
Now the crossing through the mountain has a circuitous route and is steep, but they use the shore in fair weather.
ὁ δὲ Ἀλέξανδρος εἰς χειμέριον ἐμπεσὼν καιρὸν καὶ τὸ πλέον ἐπιτρέπων τῇ τύχῃ πρὶν ἀνεῖναι τὸ κῦμα ὥρμησε, καὶ ὅλην τὴν ἡμέραν ἐν ὕδατι γενέσθαι τὴν πορείαν συνέβη μέχρι ὀμφαλοῦ βαπτιζομένων.
Alexander, however, having fallen upon a winter season and trusting for the most part to fortune, set out before the wave subsided, and it happened that the march was in water the whole day, they being submerged up to their navels.
ἔστι μὲν οὖν καὶ αὕτη ἡ πόλις Λυκιακὴ ἐπὶ τῶν ὅρων ἱδρυμένη τῶν πρὸς Παμφυλίαν, τοῦ δὲ κοινοῦ τῶν Λυκίων οὐ μετέχει, καθʼ αὑτὴν δὲ συνέστηκεν.
Now this city too is Lycian, established on the borders towards Pamphylia, but it does not participate in the common league of the Lycians, but is established by itself.
§14.3.10ὁ μὲν οὖν ποιητὴς ἑτέρους τῶν Λυκίων ποιεῖ τοὺς Σολύμους· ὑπὸ γὰρ τοῦ τῶν Λυκίων βασιλέως πεμφθεὶς ὁ Βελλεροφόντης ἐπὶ δεύτερον τοῦτον ἆθλον " Σολύμοισι μαχέσσατο κυδαλίμοισιν. " οἱ δὲ τοὺς Λυκίους πρότερον καλεῖσθαι Σολύμους φάσκοντες, ὕστερον δὲ Τερμίλας ἀπὸ τῶν ἐκ Κρήτης συγκατελθόντων τῷ Σαρπηδόνι, μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα Λυκίους ἀπὸ Λύκου τοῦ Πανδίονος, ὃν ἐκπεσόντα τῆς οἰκείας ἐδέξατο Σαρπηδὼν ἐπὶ μέρει τῆς ἀρχῆς, οὐχ ὁμολογούμενα λέγουσιν Ὁμήρῳ· βελτίους δʼ οἱ φάσκοντες λέγεσθαι Σολύμους ὑπὸ τοῦ ποιητοῦ τοὺς νῦν Μιλύας προσαγορευομένους, περὶ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν.
Now the poet makes the Solymi different from the Lycians; for Bellerophon, being sent by the king of the Lycians to this second labor, "fought with the glorious Solymi." But those who assert that the Lycians were formerly called Solymi, and later Termilae after those who came down from Crete with Sarpedon, and after that Lycians after Lycus the son of Pandion, who, when expelled from his own land, was received by Sarpedon to a share in the government, speak what is not in agreement with Homer; whereas those are better who say that those now called Milyae, about whom we have spoken, are called Solymi by the poet.

Notes

  1. §14.3.5τυχὸν ἴσως ὁμώνυμος τῷ Τρωικῷ — `τυχόν` is the accusative neuter singular of the second aorist participle of `τυγχάνω`, used impersonally (accusative absolute) as an adverb meaning 'perhaps'. It is redundantly paired with the synonymous adverb `ἴσως` to soften the assertion.
  2. §14.3.6ἀναπλεύσαντι δʼ ὑπηρετικοῖς δέκα σταδίους — `ἀναπλεύσαντι` is an aorist dative participle indicating the person in whose reference the geographical description is made ('for one who sails up'). `ὑπηρετικοῖς` is a dative of instrument (using light vessels), and `δέκα σταδίους` is the accusative of extent of space.
  3. §14.3.8κρασπέδου δίκην — The accusative singular `δίκην` of the noun `δίκη` (custom, right) is used adverbially with a genitive (`κρασπέδου`, 'border/fringe of a garment') to mean 'like' or 'in the manner of'.
  4. §14.3.9πρὶν ἀνεῖναι τὸ κῦμα — The conjunction `πρὶν` is used with the active second aorist infinitive `ἀνεῖναι` (from `ἀνίημι`, to slacken or subside) to mean 'before...'. `τὸ κῦμα` (the wave) serves as the subject of the infinitive.
  5. §14.3.10οὐχ ὁμολογούμενα λέγουσιν Ὁμήρῳ — `ὁμολογούμενα` is the neuter plural accusative of the present passive participle of `ὁμολογέω` (to agree), acting as the direct object of `λέγουσιν` ('they say things that are [not] in agreement'). The dative `Ὁμήρῳ` indicates the person with whom they are in agreement.

Cite this passage

Strabo, Geography §14.3.5-14.3.10. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.humanitext-grc2:14.3.5-14.3.10

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