§11.7.3διαρρεῖται δὲ καὶ ποταμοῖς ἡ Ὑρκανία τῷ τε Ὤχῳ καὶ Ὤξῳ μέχρι τῆς εἰς θάλατταν ἐκβολῆς, ὧν ὁ Ὦχος καὶ διὰ τῆς Νησαίας ῥεῖ· ἔνιοι δὲ τὸν Ὦχον εἰς τὸν Ὦξον ἐμβάλλειν φασίν.
Hyrcania is also traversed by rivers, both the Ochus and the Oxus, up to their outlets into the sea, of which the Ochus flows also through Nisaea; and some say that the Ochus empties into the Oxus.
Ἀριστόβουλος δὲ καὶ μέγιστον ἀποφαίνει τὸν Ὦξον τῶν ἑωραμένων ὑφʼ ἑαυτοῦ κατὰ τὴν Ἀσίαν πλὴν τῶν Ἰνδικῶν· φησὶ δὲ καὶ εὔπλουν εἶναι καὶ οὗτος καὶ Ἐρατοσθένης παρὰ Πατροκλέους λαβών, καὶ πολλὰ τῶν Ἰνδικῶν φορτίων κατάγειν εἰς τὴν Ὑρκανίαν θάλατταν, ἐντεῦθεν δʼ εἰς τὴν Ἀλβανίαν περαιοῦσθαι καὶ διὰ τοῦ Κύρου καὶ τῶν ἑξῆς τόπων εἰς τὸν Εὔξεινον καταφέρεσθαι.
Aristobulus declares the Oxus to be the largest of the rivers he had seen in Asia, except for those in India; and both he and Eratosthenes (who took it from Patrocles) say that it is easily navigable, and that it carries down many Indian cargoes into the Hyrcanian Sea, and from there they are ferried across to Albania and carried down through the Cyrus and the succeeding regions to the Euxine.
οὐ πάνυ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν παλαιῶν ὁ Ὦχος ὀνομάζεται· Ἀπολλόδωρος μέντοι ὁ τὰ Παρθικὰ γράψας συνεχῶς αὐτὸν ὀνομάζει ὡς ἐγγυτάτω τοῖς Παρθυαίοις ῥέοντα.
The Ochus is not very often named by the ancient writers; but Apollodorus, who wrote the Parthica, names it continually, since it flows very close to the Parthians.
§11.7.4προσεδοξάσθη δὲ καὶ περὶ τῆς θαλάττης ταύτης πολλὰ ψευδῆ διὰ τὴν Ἀλεξάνδρου φιλοτιμίαν· ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ὡμολόγητο ἐκ πάντων ὅτι διείργει τὴν Ἀσίαν ἀπὸ τῆς Εὐρώπης ὁ Τάναϊς ποταμός, τὸ δὲ μεταξὺ τῆς θαλάττης καὶ τοῦ Τανάιδος πολὺ μέρος τῆς Ἀσίας ὂν οὐχ ὑπέπιπτε τοῖς Μακεδόσι, στρατηγεῖν δʼ ἔγνωστο ὥστε τῇ φήμῃ γε κἀκείνων δόξαι τῶν μερῶν κρατεῖν τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον, εἰς ἓν συνῆγον τήν τε Μαιῶτιν λίμνην τὴν δεχομένην τὸν Τάναϊν καὶ τὴν Κασπίαν θάλατταν, λίμνην καὶ ταύτην καλοῦντες καὶ συντετρῆσθαι φάσκοντες πρὸς ἀλλήλας ἀμφοτέρας, ἑκατέραν δὲ εἶναι μέρος τῆς ἑτέρας.
Many false opinions were also added concerning this sea because of Alexander's love of glory; for since it was agreed by all that the Tanais River separates Asia from Europe, and the large part of Asia between this sea and the Tanais did not fall under the power of the Macedonians, but it was decided by his commanders to make it appear, at least in rumor, that Alexander ruled over those parts too, they brought into one the Maeotis Lake, which receives the Tanais, and the Caspian Sea, calling the latter also a lake and asserting that both were connected with each other, and that each was a part of the other.
Πολύκλειτος δὲ καὶ πίστεις προφέρεται περὶ τοῦ λίμνην εἶναι τὴν θάλατταν ταύτην, ὄφεις τε γὰρ ἐκτρέφειν καὶ ὑπόγλυκυ εἶναι τὸ ὕδωρ· ὅτι δὲ καὶ οὐχ ἑτέρα τῆς Μαιώτιδός ἐστι, τεκμαιρόμενος ἐκ τοῦ τὸν Τάναϊν εἰς αὐτὴν ἐμβάλλειν· ἐκ γὰρ τῶν αὐτῶν ὀρῶν τῶν Ἰνδικῶν ἐξ ὧν ὅ τε Ὦχος καὶ ὁ Ὦξος καὶ ἄλλοι πλείους φέρεται καὶ ὁ Ἰαξάρτης ἐκδίδωσί τε ὁμοίως ἐκείνοις εἰς τὸ Κάσπιον πέλαγος πάντων ἀρκτικώτατος.
Polycleitus also adduces proofs that this sea is a lake, namely, that it breeds water-snakes and that its water is somewhat sweet; and he conjectures that it is not different from Lake Maeotis on the ground that the Tanais empties into it; for the Jaxartes also, which flows from the same Indian mountains from which flow the Ochus, the Oxus, and several others, empties, like them, into the Caspian Sea, being the most northerly of them all.
τοῦτον οὖν ὠνόμασαν Τάναϊν, καὶ προσέθεσάν γε τούτῳ πίστιν, ὡς εἴη Τάναϊς ὃν εἴρηκεν ὁ Πολύκλειτος· τὴν γὰρ περαίαν τοῦ ποταμοῦ τούτου φέρειν ἐλάτην καὶ οἰστοῖς ἐλατίνοις χρῆσθαι τοὺς ταύτῃ Σκύθας· τοῦτο δὲ καὶ τεκμήριον τοῦ τὴν χώραν τὴν πέραν τῆς Εὐρώπης εἶναι, μὴ τῆς Ἀσίας· τὴν γὰρ Ἀσίαν τὴν ἄνω καὶ τὴν πρὸς ἕω μὴ φύειν ἐλάτην.
This river, then, they named Tanais, and they added proof to this, as though it were the Tanais of which Polycleitus spoke; for they said that the opposite bank of this river produces the fir tree, and that the Scythians of that region use arrows made of fir; and that this is also a proof that the country beyond belongs to Europe, and not to Asia, because upper Asia and the eastern parts do not produce the fir tree.
Ἐρατοσθένης δέ φησι καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἰνδικῇ φύεσθαι ἐλάτην καὶ ἐντεῦθεν ναυπηγήσασθαι τὸν στόλον Ἀλέξανδρον· πολλὰ δὲ καὶ ἄλλα τοιαῦτα συγκρούειν Ἐρατοσθένης πειρᾶται, ἡμῖν δʼ ἀποχρώντως εἰρήσθω περὶ αὐτῶν.
But Eratosthenes says that the fir grows also in India, and that Alexander built his fleet from there; Eratosthenes tries to conflict many other such statements, but let enough have been said by us concerning them.
§11.7.5καὶ τοῦτο δʼ ἐκ τῶν κατὰ τὴν Ὑρκανίαν ἱστορουμένων παραδόξων ἐστὶν ὑπὸ Εὐδόξου καὶ ἄλλων, ὅτι πρόκεινταί τινες ἀκταὶ τῆς θαλάττης ὕπαντροι, τούτων δὲ μεταξὺ καὶ τῆς θαλάττης ὑπόκειται ταπεινὸς αἰγιαλός, ἐκ δὲ τῶν ὕπερθεν κρημνῶν ποταμοὶ ῥέοντες τοσαύτῃ προφέρονται βίᾳ ὥστε ταῖς ἀκταῖς συνάψαντες ἐξακοντίζουσι τὸ ὕδωρ εἰς τὴν θάλατταν, ἄρραντον φυλάττοντες τὸν αἰγιαλὸν ὥστε καὶ στρατοπέδοις ὁδεύσιμον εἶναι σκεπαζομένοις τῷ ῥεύματι, οἱ δʼ ἐπιχώριοι κατάγονται πολλάκις εὐωχίας καὶ θυσίας χάριν εἰς τὸν τόπον, καὶ ποτὲ μὲν ὑπὸ τοῖς ἄντροις κατακλίνονται, ποτὲ δʼ ὑπʼ αὐτῷ τῷ ῥεύματι ἡλιαζόμενοι ἄλλως ἄλλοι τέρπονται, παραφαινομένης ἅμα καὶ τῆς θαλάττης ἑκατέρωθεν καὶ τῆς ᾐόνος ποώδους καὶ ἀνθηρᾶς οὔσης διὰ τὴν ἰκμάδα.
And this is also one of the marvelous things related about Hyrcania by Eudoxus and others: that there are certain overhanging cliffs on the sea which are full of caverns, and between these and the sea there lies a low beach; and rivers flowing from the precipices above rush with such force that when they reach the cliffs they shoot their water out into the sea, keeping the beach dry, so that it is even passable for armies, who are sheltered by the stream above; and the natives often go down to the place for the sake of banqueting and sacrifice, and sometimes recline in the caverns, and sometimes sun themselves under the stream itself, enjoying themselves in different ways, while at the same time the sea is visible on either side, and the shore is grassy and flowery because of the moisture.