§11.8.1ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης προϊόντι ἐπὶ τὴν ἕω δεξιὰ μέν ἐστι τὰ ὄρη μέχρι τῆς Ἰνδικῆς θαλάττης παρατείνοντα, ἅπερ οἱ Ἕλληνες ὀνομάζουσι Ταῦρον, ἀρξάμενα ἀπὸ τῆς Παμφυλίας καὶ τῆς Κιλικίας καὶ μέχρι δεῦρο προϊόντα ἀπὸ τῆς ἑσπέρας συνεχῆ καὶ τυγχάνοντα ἄλλων καὶ ἄλλων ὀνομάτων.
For one proceeding eastward from the Hyrcanian Sea, on the right are the mountains that stretch as far as the Indian Sea, which the Greeks call Taurus, beginning from Pamphylia and Cilicia and extending continuously from the west up to this point under various different names.
προσοικοῦσι δʼ αὐτοῦ τὰ προσάρκτια μέρη πρῶτοι μὲν οἱ Γῆλαι καὶ Καδούσιοι καὶ Ἄμαρδοι, καθάπερ εἴρηται, καὶ τῶν Ὑρκανίων τινές, ἔπειτα τὸ τῶν Παρθυαίων ἔθνος καὶ τὸ τῶν Μαργιανῶν καὶ τῶν Ἀρίων καὶ ἡ ἔρημος, ἣν ἀπὸ τῆς Ὑρκανίας ὁρίζει ὁ Σάρνιος ποταμὸς πρὸς ἕω βαδίζουσι καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν Ὦχον.
Adjacent to them on the north live first the Gelae, Cadusii, and Amardi, as has been said, and some of the Hyrcanians; next, the tribe of the Parthians, and that of the Margiani and Arii, and the desert which, for those traveling eastward and towards the Ochus, is separated from Hyrcania by the Sarnius River.
καλεῖται δὲ τὸ μέχρι δεῦρο ἀπὸ τῆς Ἀρμενίας διατεῖνον ἢ μικρὸν ἀπολεῖπον Παραχοάθρας.
The portion stretching from Armenia up to this point, or falling slightly short of it, is called Parachoathras.
ἔστι δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης εἰς τοὺς Ἀρίους περὶ ἑξακισχιλίους σταδίους· εἶθʼ ἡ Βακτριανή ἐστι καὶ ἡ Σογδιανή, τελευταῖοι δὲ Σκύθαι νομάδες.
The distance from the Hyrcanian Sea to the Arii is about six thousand stadia; then come Bactriana and Sogdiana, and finally the nomadic Scythians.
τὰ δʼ ὄρη Μακεδόνες μὲν ἅπαντα τὰ ἐφεξῆς ἀπὸ Ἀρίων Καύκασον ἐκάλεσαν, παρὰ δὲ τοῖς βαρβάροις τά τε ἄκρα κατὰ μέρος ὠνομάζετο ὁ Παροπάμισος τὰ προσβόρεια καὶ τὰ Ἠμωδὰ καὶ τὸ Ἴμαον καὶ ἄλλα τοιαῦτα ὀνόματα ἑκάστοις μέρεσιν ἐπέκειτο.
As for the mountains, the Macedonians called all those in succession from the Arii "Caucasus," but among the barbarians the heights were named in part: the northern parts were called Paropamisus, and the Emodan mountains, and Imaus, and other such names were applied to the several parts.
§11.8.2ἐν ἀριστερᾷ δὲ τούτοις ἀντιπαράκειται Σκυθικὰ ἔθνη καὶ τὰ νομαδικὰ ἅπασαν ἐκπληροῦντα τὴν βόρειον πλευράν.
On the left of these mountains, the Scythian and nomadic tribes lie opposite, occupying the entire northern side.
οἱ μὲν δὴ πλείους τῶν Σκυθῶν ἀπὸ τῆς Κασπίας θαλάττης ἀρξάμενοι Δᾶαι προσαγορεύονται, τοὺς δὲ προσεῴους τούτων μᾶλλον Μασσαγέτας καὶ Σάκας ὀνομάζουσι, τοὺς δʼ ἄλλους κοινῶς μὲν Σκύθας ὀνομάζουσιν ἰδίᾳ δʼ ὡς ἑκάστους· ἅπαντες δʼ ὡς ἐπὶ τὸ πολὺ νομάδες.
Now, the majority of the Scythians, beginning from the Caspian Sea, are called Daae; those more to the east than these they call Massagetae and Sacae, while they call the others commonly Scythians, but individually by their respective names; and all of them are for the most part nomads.
μάλιστα δὲ γνώριμοι γεγόνασι τῶν νομάδων οἱ τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἀφελόμενοι τὴν Βακτριανήν, Ἄσιοι καὶ Πασιανοὶ καὶ Τόχαροι καὶ Σακάραυλοι, ὁρμηθέντες ἀπὸ τῆς περαίας τοῦ Ἰαξάρτου τῆς κατὰ Σάκας καὶ Σογδιανούς, ἣν κατεῖχον Σάκαι.
Best known among the nomads are those who took Bactriana away from the Greeks, namely, the Asii, Pasiani, Tochari, and Sacarauli, who set out from the opposite bank of the Jaxartes near the Sacae and Sogdiani, which the Sacae used to occupy.
καὶ τῶν Δαῶν οἱ μὲν προσαγορεύονται Ἄπαρνοι οἱ δὲ Ξάνθιοι οἱ δὲ Πίσσουροι.
And of the Daae, some are called Aparni, some Xanthii, and some Pissouri.
οἱ μὲν οὖν Ἄπαρνοι πλησιαίτατα τῇ Ὑρκανίᾳ παράκεινται καὶ τῇ κατʼ αὐτὴν θαλάττῃ, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ διατείνουσι καὶ μέχρι τῆς ἀντιπαρηκούσης τῇ Ἀρίᾳ.
Now, the Aparni lie closest to Hyrcania and the sea next to it, while the rest extend even as far as the country that runs parallel opposite to Aria.
§11.8.3μεταξὺ δʼ αὐτῶν καὶ τῆς Ὑρκανίας καὶ τῆς Παρθυαίας μέχρι Ἀρίων ἔρημος πρόκειται πολλὴ καὶ ἄνυδρος, ἣν διεξιόντες μακραῖς ὁδοῖς κατέτρεχον τήν τε Ὑρκανίαν καὶ τὴν Νησαίαν καὶ τὰ τῶν Παρθυαίων πεδία·
Between them and Hyrcania and Parthyaea as far as the Arii lies a vast and waterless desert, which they crossed by long journeys to overrun Hyrcania, Nisaea, and the plains of the Parthians.
οἱ δὲ συνέθεντο φόρους· φόρος δʼ ἦν τὸ ἐπιτρέπειν τακτοῖς τισι χρόνοις τὴν χώραν κατατρέχειν καὶ φέρεσθαι λείαν.
But the inhabitants agreed to pay tribute; and the tribute consisted in permitting them to overrun the country at certain fixed times and carry off booty.
ἐπιπολαζόντων δʼ αὐτῶν παρὰ τὰ συγκείμενα ἐπολεμεῖτο, καὶ πάλιν διαλύσεις καὶ ἀναπολεμήσεις ὑπῆρχον.
But when they made incursions contrary to the agreements, war would be waged, and again there would be reconciliations and renewals of war.
τοιοῦτος δὲ καὶ ὁ τῶν ἄλλων νομάδων βίος, ἀεὶ τοῖς πλησίον ἐπιτιθεμένων τοτὲ δʼ αὖ διαλλαττομένων.
Such is also the life of the other nomads, always attacking their neighbors and then again making peace.