§11.13.8τοιαύτη μέν τις ἡ χώρα· τὸ δὲ μέγεθος πάρισός πώς ἐστιν εἰς πλάτος καὶ μῆκος·
Such then is the country; and its size is in a way nearly equal in breadth and length.
δοκεῖ δὲ μέγιστον εἶναι μῆκος τῆς Μηδίας τὸ ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ Ζάγρου ὑπερθέσεως, ἥπερ καλεῖται Μηδικὴ πύλη, εἰς Κασπίους πύλας διὰ τῆς Σιγριανῆς σταδίων τετρακισχιλίων ἑκατόν.
The greatest length of Media seems to be that from the pass of Mount Zagros, which is called the Median Gate, to the Caspian Gates through Sigriane, a distance of four thousand one hundred stadia.
τῷ δὲ μεγέθει καὶ τῇ δυνάμει τῆς χώρας ὁμολογεῖ καὶ ἡ περὶ τῶν φόρων ἱστορία· τῆς γὰρ Καππαδοκίας παρεχούσης τοῖς Πέρσαις κατʼ ἐνιαυτὸν πρὸς τῷ ἀργυρικῷ τέλει ἵππους χιλίους καὶ πεντακοσίους, ἡμιόνους δὲ δισχιλίους, προβάτων δὲ πέντε μυριάδας, διπλάσια σχεδόν τι τούτων ἐτέλουν οἱ Μῆδοι.
With the size and the power of the country agrees also the account of the tribute; for while Cappadocia provided the Persians each year, in addition to the money-tribute, one thousand five hundred horses, two thousand mules, and fifty thousand sheep, the Medes paid nearly double these.
§11.13.9ἔθη δὲ τὰ πολλὰ μὲν τὰ αὐτὰ τούτοις τε καὶ τοῖς Ἀρμενίοις διὰ τὸ καὶ τὴν χώραν παραπλησίαν εἶναι.
Their customs are for the most part the same as those of the Armenians because their countries also are similar.
τοὺς μέντοι Μήδους ἀρχηγέτας εἶναί φασι καὶ τούτοις καὶ ἔτι πρότερον Πέρσαις τοῖς ἔχουσιν αὐτοὺς καὶ διαδεξαμένοις τὴν τῆς Ἀσίας ἐξουσίαν.
However, they say that the Medes were the originators of these, both for them and still earlier for the Persians, who held them and succeeded to the sovereignty of Asia.
ἡ γὰρ νῦν λεγομένη Περσικὴ στολὴ καὶ ὁ τῆς τοξικῆς καὶ ἱππικῆς ζῆλος καὶ ἡ περὶ τοὺς βασιλέας θεραπεία καὶ κόσμος καὶ σεβασμὸς θεοπρεπὴς παρὰ τῶν ἀρχομένων εἰς τοὺς Πέρσας παρὰ Μήδων ἀφῖκται.
For what is now called the Persian dress, and the zeal for archery and horsemanship, and the service and adornment surrounding the kings, and the godlike reverence from their subjects, came to the Persians from the Medes.
καὶ ὅτι τοῦτʼ ἀληθὲς ἐκ τῆς ἐσθῆτος μάλιστα δῆλον· τιάρα γάρ τις καὶ κίταρις καὶ πῖλος καὶ χειριδωτοὶ χιτῶνες καὶ ἀναξυρίδες ἐν μὲν τοῖς ψυχροῖς τόποις καὶ προσβόρροις ἐπιτήδειά ἐστι φορήματα, οἷοί εἰσιν οἱ Μηδικοί, ἐν δὲ τοῖς νοτίοις ἥκιστα· οἱ δὲ Πέρσαι τὴν πλείστην οἴκησιν ἐπὶ τῇ Ἐρυθρᾷ θαλάττῃ κέκτηνται, μεσημβρινώτεροι καὶ Βαβυλωνίων ὄντες καὶ Σουσίων· μετὰ δὲ τὴν κατάλυσιν τὴν τῶν Μήδων προσεκτήσαντό τινα καὶ τῶν προσαπτομένων Μηδίᾳ.
And that this is true is most evident from their clothing; for a tiara, a kitaris, a pilos, sleeved tunics, and trousers are suitable garments to wear in cold and northern places, such as those of Media, but least so in southern ones; and yet the Persians had their chief dwellings on the Red Sea, being further south than even the Babylonians and the Susians; and after the overthrow of the Medes, they acquired in addition some of the territory adjacent to Media.
ἀλλʼ οὕτως ἐφάνη σεμνὰ καὶ τοῦ βασιλικοῦ προσχήματος οἰκεῖα τὰ ἔθη τοῖς νικήσασι τὰ τῶν νικηθέντων, ὥστʼ ἀντὶ γυμνητῶν καὶ ψιλῶν θηλυστολεῖν ὑπέμειναν, καὶ κατηρεφεῖς εἶναι τοῖς σκεπάσμασι.
But the customs of the conquered seemed so grand and suited to royal dignity to the conquerors that, instead of going naked or lightly clad, they submitted to dressing like women and being covered over with garments.
§11.13.10τινὲς δὲ Μήδειαν καταδεῖξαι τὴν ἐσθῆτα ταύτην φασὶ δυναστεύσασαν ἐν τοῖς τόποις, καθάπερ καὶ Ἰάσονα, καὶ ἐπικρυπτομένην τὴν ὄψιν ὅτε ἀντὶ τοῦ βασιλέως ἐξίοι· τοῦ μὲν Ἰάσονος ὑπομνήματα εἶναι τὰ Ἰασόνια ἡρῷα τιμώμενα σφόδρα ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων (ἔστι δὲ καὶ ὄρος μέγα ὑπὲρ τῶν Κασπίων πυλῶν ἐν ἀριστερᾷ καλούμενον Ἰασόνιον), τῆς δὲ Μηδείας τὴν ἐσθῆτα καὶ τοὔνομα τῆς χώρας.
And some say that Medeia, who ruled in these places, introduced this dress, as did Iason also, and that she concealed her face whenever she went out in the place of the king; and that while of Iason the memorials are the Iasonian temples, held in great honor by the barbarians (and there is also a great mountain above the Caspian Gates on the left called Iasonion), of Medeia they are the dress and the name of the country.
λέγεται δὲ καὶ Μῆδος υἱὸς αὐτῆς διαδέξασθαι τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ τὴν χώραν ἐπώνυμον αὑτοῦ καταλιπεῖν.
It is also said that Medus, her son, succeeded to the rule and left the country named after himself.
ὁμολογεῖ δὲ τούτοις καὶ τὰ κατὰ τὴν Ἀρμενίαν Ἰασόνια καὶ τὸ τῆς χώρας ὄνομα καὶ ἄλλα πλείω περὶ ὧν ἐροῦμεν.
With this agree also the Iasonia in Armenia, and the name of that country, and several other things of which we shall speak.
§11.13.11καὶ τοῦτο δὲ Μηδικὸν τὸ βασιλέα αἱρεῖσθαι τὸν ἀνδρειότατον, ἀλλʼ οὐ πᾶσιν ἀλλὰ τοῖς ὀρείοις·
And this also is Median: to choose the bravest man as king, though not for all, but for the mountaineers.
μᾶλλον δὲ τὸ τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν πολλὰς εἶναι γυναῖκας· τοῖς δʼ ὀρείοις τῶν Μήδων καὶ πᾶσιν ἔθος τοῦτο, ἐλάττους δὲ τῶν πέντε οὐκ ἔξεστιν·
Still more so is the custom for the kings to have many wives; and for the mountaineers of the Medes this is a custom for all, and it is not permitted to have fewer than five.
ὡς δʼ αὕτως τὰς γυναῖκάς φασιν ἐν καλῷ τίθεσθαι ὅτι πλείστους νέμειν ἄνδρας, τῶν πέντε δὲ ἐλάττους συμφορὰν ἡγεῖσθαι.
And in the same way they say that the women hold it in high esteem to have as many husbands as possible, and to have fewer than five they regard as a misfortune.
τῆς δʼ ἄλλης Μηδίας εὐδαιμονούσης τελέως λυπρά ἐστιν ἡ προσάρκτιος ὀρεινή·
While the rest of Media is perfectly fertile, the northern mountainous part is barren.
σιτοῦνται γοῦν ἀπὸ ἀκροδρύων, ἔκ τε μήλων ξηρῶν κοπέντων ποιοῦνται μάζας, ἀπὸ δʼ ἀμυγδάλων φωχθέντων ἄρτους, ἐκ δὲ ῥιζῶν τινων οἶνον ἐκθλίβουσι, κρέασι δὲ χρῶνται θηρείοις, ἥμερα δὲ οὐ τρέφουσι θρέμματα.
At any rate, they live on tree-fruits, and they make loaves from dry apples that have been chopped up, and bread from roasted almonds, and they squeeze wine from certain roots; and they eat the flesh of wild beasts, but do not breed domestic animals.
τοσαῦτα καὶ περὶ Μήδων φαμέν· περὶ δὲ τῶν νομίμων κοινῇ τῆς συμπάσης Μηδίας, ἐπειδὴ ταὐτὰ τοῖς Περσικοῖς γεγένηται διὰ τὴν τῶν Περσῶν ἐπικράτειαν, ἐν τῷ περὶ ἐκείνων λόγῳ φήσομεν.
Thus much then we say about the Medes; but as for the customs common to all Media, since they have become the same as the Persian ones owing to the supremacy of the Persians, we shall speak of them in our account of those people.