§11.13.5ἡ δὲ μεγάλη Μηδία τὸ μὲν παλαιὸν τῆς Ἀσίας ἡγήσατο πάσης καταλύσασα τὴν τῶν Σύρων ἀρχήν· ὕστερον δʼ ὑπὸ Κύρου καὶ Περσῶν ἀφαιρεθεῖσα τὴν τοσαύτην ἐξουσίαν ἐπὶ Ἀστυάγου διεφύλαττεν ὅμως πολὺ τοῦ πατρίου ἀξιώματος, καὶ ἦν τὰ Ἐκβάτανα χειμάδιον τοῖς Πέρσαις· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἐκείνους καταλύσασι Μακεδόσι τοῖς τὴν Συρίαν ἔχουσι, καὶ νῦν ἔτι τοῖς Παρθυαίων βασιλεῦσι τὴν αὐτὴν παρέχεται χρείαν τε καὶ ἀσφάλειαν.
On the other hand, Great Media in ancient times ruled over the whole of Asia after destroying the empire of the Syrians; but later, though deprived of so great a power by Cyrus and the Persians in the time of Astyages, it nevertheless preserved much of its ancestral dignity, and Ecbatana was the winter quarters for the Persians; and likewise also for the Macedonians who destroyed them and held Syria, and even now still to the kings of the Parthians it affords the same utility and security.
§11.13.6ὁρίζεται δʼ ἀπὸ μὲν τῆς ἕω τῇ τε Παρθυαίᾳ καὶ τοῖς Κοσσαίων ὄρεσι λῃστρικῶν ἀνθρώπων, οἳ τοξότας μυρίους καὶ τρισχιλίους παρέσχοντό ποτε Ἐλυμαίοις συμμαχοῦντες ἐπὶ Σουσίους καὶ Βαβυλωνίους.
It is bounded on the east by Parthia and the mountains of the Cossaeans, a predatory people, who once supplied thirteen thousand archers when allying with the Elymaeans against the Susians and Babylonians.
Νέαρχος δέ φησι τεττάρων ὄντων λῃστρικῶν ἐθνῶν, ὧν Μάρδοι μὲν Πέρσαις προσεχεῖς ἦσαν, Οὔξιοι δὲ καὶ Ἐλυμαῖοι τούτοις τε καὶ Σουσίοις, Κοσσαῖοι δὲ Μήδοις, πάντας μὲν φόρους πράττεσθαι τοὺς βασιλέας, Κοσσαίους δὲ καὶ δῶρα λαμβάνειν, ἡνίκα ὁ βασιλεὺς θερίσας ἐν Ἐκβατάνοις εἰς τὴν Βαβυλωνίαν καταβαίνοι· καταλῦσαι δʼ αὐτῶν τὴν πολλὴν τόλμαν Ἀλέξανδρον ἐπιθέμενον χειμῶνος.
And Nearchus says that, while there were four predatory tribes, of whom the Mardians were adjacent to the Persians, the Uxians and Elymaeans to both these and the Susians, and the Cossaeans to the Medes, and while the kings exacted tribute from all of them, the Cossaeans actually received gifts when the king, after spending the summer in Ecbatana, went down into Babylonia; but Alexander put an end to their great boldness by attacking them in the winter.
τούτοις τε δὴ ἀφορίζεται πρὸς ἕω καὶ ἔτι τοῖς Παραιτακηνοῖς, οἳ συνάπτουσι Πέρσαις ὀρεινοὶ καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ λῃστρικοί· ἀπὸ δὲ τῶν ἄρκτων τοῖς ὑπεροικοῦσι τῆς Ὑρκανίας θαλάττης Καδουσίοις καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις, οὓς ἄρτι διήλθομεν· πρὸς νότον δὲ τῇ Ἀπολλωνιάτιδι, ἣν Σιτακηνὴν ἐκάλουν οἱ παλαιοί, καὶ τῷ Ζάγρῳ, καθʼ ὃ ἡ Μασσαβατικὴ κεῖται τῆς Μηδίας οὖσα, οἱ δὲ τῆς Ἐλυμαίας φασί· πρὸς δύσιν δὲ τοῖς Ἀτροπατίοις καὶ τῶν Ἀρμενίων τισίν.
It is bounded, then, by these on the east, and also by the Paraetaceni, who border on the Persians and are themselves mountainous and predatory; on the north by the Cadusians who dwell above the Hyrcanian Sea, and by the others whom we have just run through; on the south by Apolloniatis, which the ancients called Sitacene, and by Mount Zagros, along which lies Massabatice, which belongs to Media, though some say it belongs to Elymais; and on the west by the Atropatenians and some of the Armenians.
εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ Ἑλληνίδες πόλεις κτίσματα τῶν Μακεδόνων ἐν τῇ Μηδίᾳ, ὧν Λαοδίκειά τε καὶ Ἀπάμεια καὶ ἡ πρὸς Ῥάγαις καὶ αὐτὴ Ῥάγα, τὸ τοῦ Νικάτορος κτίσμα, ὃ ἐκεῖνος μὲν Εὐρωπὸν ὠνόμασε, Πάρθοι δὲ Ἀρσακίαν, νοτιωτέραν οὖσαν τῶν Κασπίων πυλῶν πεντακοσίοις που σταδίοις, ὥς φησιν Ἀπολλόδωρος Ἀρτεμιτηνός.
There are also Greek cities founded by the Macedonians in Media, among which are Laodicea, Apameia, the city near Rhagae, and Rhaga itself, the foundation of Nicator, which he named Europus, but the Parthians call Arsacia, situated about five hundred stadia south of the Caspian Gates, as Apollodorus of Artemita says.
§11.13.7ἡ πολλὴ μὲν οὖν ὑψηλή ἐστι καὶ ψυχρά· τοιαῦτα δὲ καὶ τὰ ὑπερκείμενα τῶν Ἐκβατάνων ὄρη καὶ τὰ περὶ τὰς Ῥάγας καὶ τὰς Κασπίους πύλας καὶ καθόλου τὰ προσάρκτια μέρη τὰ ἐντεῦθεν μέχρι πρὸς τὴν Ματιανὴν καὶ τὴν Ἀρμενίαν.
Now the greater part of it is high and cold; and such also are the mountains that lie above Ecbatana and those around Rhagae and the Caspian Gates, and in general the northern parts extending from there as far as Matiane and Armenia.
ἡ δʼ ὑπὸ ταῖς Κασπίοις πύλαις ἐν ταπεινοῖς ἐδάφεσι καὶ κοίλοις οὖσα εὐδαίμων σφόδρα ἐστὶ καὶ πάμφορος πλὴν ἐλαίας· εἰ δὲ καὶ φύεταί που, ἀλιπής τέ ἐστι καὶ ξηρά·
But the region below the Caspian Gates, being in low-lying and hollow lands, is extremely fertile and productive of everything except the olive; and if indeed it grows anywhere, it is without oil and dry.
ἱππόβοτος δὲ καὶ αὕτη ἐστὶ διαφερόντως καὶ ἡ Ἀρμενία· καλεῖται δέ τις καὶ λειμὼν ἱππόβοτος, ὃν καὶ διεξίασιν οἱ ἐκ τῆς Περσίδος καὶ Βαβυλῶνος εἰς Κασπίους πύλας ὁδεύοντες, ἐν ᾧ πέντε μυριάδας ἵππων θηλείων νέμεσθαί φασιν ἐπὶ τῶν Περσῶν, εἶναι δὲ τὰς ἀγέλας ταύτας βασιλικάς.
This country also is exceptionally well-suited for breeding horses, as is Armenia; and there is a certain tract called the Horse-pasturing Meadow, which those who travel from Persis and Babylon to the Caspian Gates pass through, where they say fifty thousand mares were pasturing in the time of the Persians, and these herds were royal property.
τοὺς δὲ Νησαίους ἵππους, οἷς ἐχρῶντο οἱ βασιλεῖς ἀρίστοις οὖσι καὶ μεγίστοις, οἱ μὲν ἐνθένδε λέγουσι τὸ γένος, οἱ δʼ ἐξ Ἀρμενίας· ἰδιόμορφοι δέ εἰσιν, ὥσπερ καὶ οἱ Παρθικοὶ λεγόμενοι νῦν, παρὰ τοὺς Ἑλλαδικοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους τοὺς παρʼ ἡμῖν.
As for the Nesaean horses, which the kings used because they were the best and largest, some say their breed came from here, and others from Armenia; and they are peculiar in shape, just like those now called Parthian, compared with the Greek horses and the others in our country.
καὶ τὴν βοτάνην δὲ τὴν μάλιστα τρέφουσαν τοὺς ἵππους ἀπὸ τοῦ πλεονάζειν ἐνταῦθα ἰδίως μηδίκην καλοῦμεν.
And the grass which nourishes horses best we call specifically "Medica" from its abundance there.
φέρει δὲ καὶ σίλφιον ἡ χώρα, ἀφʼ οὗ ὁ Μηδικὸς καλούμενος ὀπός, πολὺ λειπόμενος τοῦ Κυρηναϊκοῦ· ἔστι δʼ ὅτε καὶ διαφέρων ἐκείνου, εἴτε παρὰ τὰς τῶν τόπων διαφορὰς εἴτε τοῦ φυτοῦ κατʼ εἶδος ἐξαλλάττοντος, εἴτε καὶ παρὰ τοὺς ὀπίζοντας καὶ σκευάζοντας ὥστε συμμένειν πρὸς τὴν ἀπόθεσιν καὶ τὴν χρείαν.
The country also produces silphium, from which is obtained the juice called Median, which falls far short of that of Cyrene; yet sometimes it is even superior to it, whether owing to the differences of the localities, or to the plant changing in its species, or to those who extract and prepare the juice so that it remains stable for storage and use.