§11.14.1τῆς δʼ Ἀρμενίας τὰ μὲν νότια προβέβληται τὸν Ταῦρον, διείργοντα αὐτὴν ἀφʼ ὅλης τῆς μεταξὺ Εὐφράτου καὶ τοῦ Τίγριος, ἣν Μεσοποταμίαν καλοῦσι, τὰ δὲ ἑωθινὰ τῇ Μηδίᾳ συνάπτει τῇ μεγάλῃ καὶ τῇ Ἀτροπατηνῇ· προσάρκτια δέ ἐστι τὰ ὑπερκείμενα τῆς Κασπίας θαλάττης ὄρη τὰ τοῦ Παραχοάθρα καὶ Ἀλβανοὶ καὶ Ἴβηρες καὶ ὁ Καύκασος ἐγκυκλούμενος τὰ ἔθνη ταῦτα καὶ συνάπτων τοῖς Ἀρμενίοις, συνάπτων δὲ καὶ τοῖς Μοσχικοῖς ὄρεσι καὶ Κολχικοῖς μέχρι τῶν καλουμένων Τιβαρανῶν· ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς ἑσπέρας ταῦτά ἐστι τὰ ἔθνη καὶ ὁ Παρυάδρης καὶ ὁ Σκυδίσης μέχρι τῆς μικρᾶς Ἀρμενίας καὶ τῆς τοῦ Εὐφράτου ποταμίας, ἣ διείργει τὴν Ἀρμενίαν ἀπὸ τῆς Καππαδοκίας καὶ τῆς Κομμαγηνῆς.
On the south, Armenia is bordered by the Taurus, which separates it from the whole of the country between the Euphrates and the Tigris, which they call Mesopotamia; on the east, it borders on Great Media and Atropatene; on the north are the mountains of Parachoathras lying above the Caspian Sea, and the Albanians and Iberians, and the Caucasus, which surrounds these nations and borders on the Armenians, and also borders on the Moschian and Colchian mountains as far as the so-called Tibarani; on the west are these nations, and Mount Paryadres and Mount Skydises, extending as far as Lesser Armenia and the river-land of the Euphrates, which separates Armenia from Cappadocia and Commagene.
§11.14.2ὁ γὰρ Εὐφράτης ἀπὸ τῆς βορείου πλευρᾶς τοῦ Ταύρου τὰς ἀρχὰς ἔχων τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ῥεῖ πρὸς δύσιν διὰ τῆς Ἀρμενίας, εἶτʼ ἐπιστρέφει πρὸς νότον καὶ διακόπτει τὸν Ταῦρον μεταξὺ τῶν Ἀρμενίων τε καὶ Καππαδόκων καὶ Κομμαγηνῶν, ἐκπεσὼν δʼ ἔξω καὶ γενόμενος κατὰ τὴν Συρίαν ἐπιστρέφει πρὸς χειμερινὰς ἀνατολὰς μέχρι Βαβυλῶνος καὶ ποιεῖ τὴν Μεσοποταμίαν πρὸς τὸν Τίγριν· ἀμφότεροι δὲ τελευτῶσιν εἰς τὸν Περσικὸν κόλπον.
For the Euphrates, having its sources on the northern side of the Taurus, flows first to the west through Armenia, then turns to the south and cuts through the Taurus between the Armenians and the Cappadocians and Commagenians, and having burst out and come into Syria, it turns towards the winter sunrise as far as Babylon, and with the Tigris creates Mesopotamia; and both rivers end in the Persian Gulf.
τὰ μὲν δὴ κύκλῳ τοιαῦτα, ὀρεινὰ σχεδόν τι πάντα καὶ τραχέα πλὴν τῶν πρὸς τὴν Μηδίαν κεκλιμένων ὀλίγων.
The surroundings, then, are of such a character, being nearly all mountainous and rugged, except for a few parts sloping towards Media.
πάλιν δὲ τοῦ λεχθέντος Ταύρου τὴν ἀρχὴν λαμβάνοντος ἀπὸ τῆς περαίας τῶν Κομμαγηνῶν καὶ τῶν Μελιτηνῶν ἣν ὁ Εὐφράτης ποιεῖ, Μάσιον μέν ἐστι τὸ ὑπερκείμενον ὄρος τῶν ἐν τῇ Μεσοποταμίᾳ Μυγδόνων ἐκ νότου, ἐν οἷς ἡ Νίσιβίς ἐστιν· ἐκ δὲ τῶν πρὸς ἄρκτον μερῶν ἡ Σωφηνὴ κεῖται μεταξὺ τοῦ τε Μασίου καὶ τοῦ Ἀντιταύρου.
To resume, where the aforementioned Taurus starts from the opposite side of Commagene and Melitene which the Euphrates forms, Mount Masius is the mountain lying above, on the south, of the Mygdonians in Mesopotamia, in whose territory Nisibis is located; and on the northern parts lies Sophene, between Masius and Antitaurus.
οὗτος δʼ ἀπὸ τοῦ Εὐφράτου καὶ τοῦ Ταύρου τὴν ἀρχὴν λαβὼν τελευτᾷ πρὸς τὰ ἑῷα τῆς Ἀρμενίας ἀπολαμβάνων μέσην τὴν Σωφηνήν, ἐκ θατέρου δὲ μέρους ἔχων τὴν Ἀκιλισηνὴν μεταξὺ ἱδρυμένην τοῦ Ταύρου τε καὶ τῆς τοῦ Εὐφράτου ποταμίας πρὶν ἢ κάμπτειν αὐτὴν ἐπὶ νότον.
This latter, starting from the Euphrates and the Taurus, ends towards the eastern parts of Armenia, enclosing Sophene in its middle, and having on its other side Acilisene, situated between the Taurus and the river-land of the Euphrates before the river bends to the south.
βασίλειον δὲ τῆς Σωφηνῆς Καρκαθιόκερτα.
The capital of Sophene is Karkathiokerta.
τοῦ δὲ Μασίου ὑπέρκειται πρὸς ἕω πολὺ κατὰ τὴν Γορδυηνὴν ὁ Νιφάτης, εἶθʼ ὁ Ἄβος, ἀφʼ οὗ καὶ ὁ Εὐφράτης ῥεῖ καὶ ὁ Ἀράξης, ὁ μὲν πρὸς δύσιν ὁ δὲ πρὸς ἀνατολάς· εἶθʼ ὁ Νίβαρος μέχρι τῆς Μηδίας παρατείνει.
And above Mount Masius, far to the east in the region of Gordyene, lies Mount Niphates; then Mount Abos, from which both the Euphrates and the Araxes flow, the former to the west, the latter to the east; then Mount Nibaros extends as far as Media.
§11.14.3ὁ μὲν οὖν Εὐφράτης εἴρηται ὃν τρόπον ῥεῖ· ὁ δὲ Ἀράξης πρὸς τὰς ἀνατολὰς ἐνεχθεὶς μέχρι τῆς Ἀτροπατηνῆς κάμπτει πρὸς δύσιν καὶ πρὸς ἄρκτους καὶ παραρρεῖ τὰ Ἄζαρα πρῶτον, εἶτʼ Ἀρτάξατα, πόλεις Ἀρμενίων· ἔπειτα διὰ τοῦ Ἀραξηνοῦ πεδίου πρὸς τὸ Κάσπιον ἐκδίδωσι πέλαγος.
The course of the Euphrates has been described; but the Araxes, having run towards the east as far as Atropatene, bends towards the west and north, and flows past first Azara, and then Artaxata, cities of the Armenians; then through the Araxene plain it empties into the Caspian Sea.
§11.14.4ἐν αὐτῇ δὲ τῇ Ἀρμενίᾳ πολλὰ μὲν ὄρη πολλὰ δὲ ὀροπέδια, ἐν οἷς οὐδʼ ἄμπελος φύεται ῥᾳδίως, πολλοὶ δʼ αὐλῶνες οἱ μὲν μέσως οἱ δὲ καὶ σφόδρα εὐδαίμονες καθάπερ τὸ Ἀραξηνὸν πεδίον, διʼ οὗ ὁ Ἀράξης ποταμὸς ῥέων εἰς τὰ ἄκρα τῆς Ἀλβανίας καὶ τὴν Κασπίαν ἐκπίπτει θάλατταν, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἡ Σακασηνὴ καὶ αὐτὴ τῇ Ἀλβανίᾳ πρόσχωρος καὶ τῷ Κύρῳ ποταμῷ, εἶθʼ ἡ Γωγαρηνή·
In Armenia itself there are many mountains and many plateaus, where not even a vine easily grows, but also many valleys, some moderately, others highly fertile, such as the Araxene plain, through which the river Araxes flows and empties into the extremities of Albania and the Caspian Sea; and next to this, Sakasene, this too adjacent to Albania and the river Kyros, then Gogarene.
πᾶσα γὰρ ἡ χώρα αὕτη καρποῖς τε καὶ τοῖς ἡμέροις δένδρεσι καὶ τοῖς ἀειθαλέσι πληθύει, φέρει δὲ καὶ ἐλαίαν.
For all this country teems with fruits, cultivated trees, and evergreens, and it also bears the olive.
ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἡ Φαυηνὴ τῆς Ἀρμενίας ἐπαρχία καὶ ἡ Κωμισηνὴ καὶ Ὀρχιστηνὴ πλείστην ἱππείαν παρέχουσα· ἡ δὲ Χορζηνὴ καὶ Καμβυσηνὴ προσβορρόταταί εἰσι καὶ νιφόβολοι μάλιστα, συνάπτουσαι τοῖς Καυκασίοις ὄρεσι καὶ τῇ Ἰβηρίᾳ καὶ τῇ Κολχίδι· ὅπου φασὶ κατὰ τὰς ὑπερβολὰς τῶν ὀρῶν πολλάκις καὶ συνοδίας ὅλας ἐν τῇ χιόνι καταπίνεσθαι νιφετῶν γινομένων ἐπὶ πλέον· ἔχειν δὲ καὶ βακτηρίας πρὸς τοὺς τοιούτους κινδύνους, παρεξαίροντας εἰς τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν ἀναπνοῆς τε χάριν καὶ τοῦ διαμηνύειν τοῖς ἐπιοῦσιν ὥστε βοηθείας τυγχάνειν, ἀνορύττεσθαι καὶ σώζεσθαι.
There is also Phauene, a province of Armenia, and Komisene, and Orchistene which provides the largest number of cavalry; and Chorzene and Kambysene are the most northerly and most snowy parts, bordering on the Caucasian mountains and Iberia and Colchis, where they say that on the mountain passes whole caravans are often swallowed up in the snow when blizzards occur to an unusual degree; and that they carry staffs against such dangers, thrusting them up to the surface both for the sake of breathing and to signal to those who come after, so that they may obtain help, be dug out, and saved.
ἐν δὲ τῇ χιόνι βώλους πήγνυσθαί φασι κοίλας περιεχούσας χρηστὸν ὕδωρ ὡς ἐν χιτῶνι, καὶ ζῷα δὲ ἐν αὐτῇ γεννᾶσθαι· καλεῖ δὲ σκώληκας Ἀπολλωνίδης, Θεοφάνης δὲ θρῖπας· κἀν τούτοις ἀπολαμβάνεσθαι χρηστὸν ὕδωρ, περισχισθέντων δὲ τῶν χιτώνων πίνεσθαι· τὴν δὲ γένεσιν τῶν ζῴων τοιαύτην εἰκάζουσιν οἵαν τὴν τῶν κωνώπων ἐκ τῆς ἐν τοῖς μετάλλοις φλογὸς καὶ τοῦ φεψάλου.
And they say that in the snow hollow lumps freeze, containing good water as if in a tunic, and that animals are generated in it; Apollonides calls them worms, and Theophanes calls them wood-worms; and in these also good water is enclosed, which is drunk when the tunics are torn open; and they liken the generation of these animals to that of gnats from the flame in mines and the sparks.