§11.11.4φασὶ δʼ οὖν ὀκτὼ πόλεις τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον ἔν τε τῇ Βακτριανῇ καὶ τῇ Σογδιανῇ κτίσαι, τινὰς δὲ κατασκάψαι, ὧν Καριάτας μὲν τῆς Βακτριανῆς, ἐν ᾗ Καλλισθένης συνελήφθη καὶ παρεδόθη φυλακῆ, Μαράκανδα δὲ τῆς Σογδιανῆς καὶ τὰ Κῦρα, ἔσχατον ὂν Κύρου κτίσμα ἐπὶ τῷ Ἰαξάρτῃ ποταμῷ κείμενον, ὅπερ ἦν ὅριον τῆς Περσῶν ἀρχῆς·
They say, then, that Alexander founded eight cities in Bactriana and Sogdiana, and destroyed some, among which were Cariatae in Bactriana, where Callisthenes was arrested and handed over to custody, and Maracanda in Sogdiana, and Cyra, which was the last foundation of Cyrus, situated on the river Jaxartes, which was the boundary of the empire of the Persians.
κατασκάψαι δὲ τὸ κτίσμα τοῦτο καίπερ ὄντα φιλόκυρον διὰ τὰς πυκνὰς ἀποστάσεις·
And he destroyed this foundation, although he was a lover of Cyrus, on account of the frequent revolts.
ἑλεῖν δὲ καὶ πέτρας ἐρυμνὰς σφόδρα ἐκ προδοσίας τήν τε ἐν τῇ Βακτριανῇ τὴν Σισιμίθρου ἐν ᾗ εἶχεν Ὀξυάρτης τὴν θυγατέρα Ῥωξάνην, καὶ τὴν ἐν τῇ Σογδιανῇ τὴν τοῦ Ὤξου, οἱ δʼ Ἀριαμάζου φασί.
And they say he also captured by treachery rocks that were exceedingly strong: namely, that of Sisimithres in Bactriana, where Oxyartes kept his daughter Roxana, and that of the Oxus in Sogdiana, though some say it was the rock of Ariamazes.
τὴν μὲν οὖν Σισιμίθρου πεντεκαίδεκα σταδίων ἱστοροῦσι τὸ ὕψος, ὀγδοήκοντα δὲ τὸν κύκλον, ἄνω δʼ ἐπίπεδον καὶ εὔγεων ὅσον πεντακοσίους ἄνδρας τρέφειν δυναμένην, ἐν ᾗ καὶ ξενίας τυχεῖν πολυτελοῦς καὶ γάμους ἀγαγεῖν Ῥωξάνης τῆς Ὀξυάρτου θυγατρὸς τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον·
Now they record that the height of the rock of Sisimithres is fifteen stadia, and its circumference eighty, and that it is flat at the top and fertile, capable of supporting about five hundred men; and there Alexander received a lavish hospitality and celebrated his marriage with Roxana, the daughter of Oxyartes.
τὴν δὲ τῆς Σογδιανῆς διπλασίαν τὸ ὕψος φασί.
And they say that the rock in Sogdiana was twice as high.
περὶ τούτους δὲ τοὺς τόπους καὶ τὸ τῶν Βραγχιδῶν ἄστυ ἀνελεῖν, οὓς Ξέρξην μὲν ἱδρῦσαι αὐτόθι συναπάραντας αὐτῷ ἑκόντας ἐκ τῆς οἰκείας διὰ τὸ παραδοῦναι τὰ χρήματα τοῦ θεοῦ τὰ ἐν Διδύμοις καὶ τοὺς θησαυρούς, ἐκεῖνον δʼ ἀνελεῖν μυσαττόμενον τὴν ἱεροσυλίαν καὶ τὴν προδοσίαν.
And near these places, they say, he also destroyed the city of the Branchidae, whom Xerxes had settled there, because they had voluntarily accompanied him from their homeland after betraying to him the treasures and wealth of the god at Didyma; and he destroyed it, loathing their sacrilege and treachery.
§11.11.5τὸν δὲ διὰ τῆς Σογδιανῆς ῥέοντα ποταμὸν καλεῖ Πολυτίμητον Ἀριστόβουλος, τῶν Μακεδόνων θεμένων, καθάπερ καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ τὰ μὲν καινὰ ἔθεσαν τὰ δὲ παρωνόμασαν·
Aristobulus calls the river that flows through Sogdiana "Polytimetus," a name given by the Macedonians, just as they also gave many other new names or modified existing ones.
ἄρδοντα δὲ τὴν χώραν ἐκπίπτειν εἰς ἔρημον καὶ ἀμμώδη γῆν καταπίνεσθαί τε εἰς τὴν ἄμμον, ὡς καὶ τὸν Ἄριον τὸν διʼ Ἀρίων ῥέοντα.
This river, after irrigating the country, empties into a desert and sandy land and is swallowed up in the sand, just like the Arius which flows through the land of the Arians.
τοῦ δὲ Ὤχου ποταμοῦ πλησίον ὀρύττοντας εὑρεῖν ἐλαίου πηγὴν λέγουσιν·
They say that those who dig near the river Ochus find a spring of oil.
εἰκὸς δέ, ὥσπερ νιτρώδη τινὰ καὶ στύφοντα ὑγρὰ καὶ ἀσφαλτώδη καὶ θειώδη διαρρεῖ τὴν γῆν, οὕτω καὶ λιπαρὰ εὑρίσκεσθαι, τὸ δὲ σπάνιον ποιεῖ τὴν παραδοξίαν.
And it is likely that, just as nitrous, astringent, bituminous, and sulfurous liquids flow through the earth, so oily ones are also found; but its rarity makes it a marvel.
ῥεῖν δὲ τὸν Ὦχον οἱ μὲν διὰ τῆς Βακτριανῆς φασιν οἱ δὲ παρʼ αὐτήν, καὶ οἱ μὲν ἕτερον τοῦ Ὤξου μέχρι τῶν ἐκβολῶν νοτιώτερον ἐκείνου, ἀμφοτέρων δʼ ἐν τῇ Ὑρκανίᾳ τὰς εἰς τὴν θάλατταν ὑπάρχειν ἐκρύσεις, οἱ δὲ κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν ἕτερον συμβάλλειν δʼ εἰς ἓν τὸ τοῦ Ὤξου ῥεῖθρον, πολλαχοῦ καὶ ἓξ καὶ ἑπτὰ σταδίων ἔχοντα τὸ πλάτος.
Some say that the Ochus flows through Bactriana, and others along it. And some say that it is a different river from the Oxus as far as its outlets, flowing to the south of it, and that both have their outlets into the sea in Hyrcania. But others say that at first it is a different river, but that it joins the bed of the Oxus, which in many places has a width of even six or seven stadia.
ὁ μέντοι Ἰαξάρτης ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς μέχρι τέλους ἕτερός ἐστι τοῦ Ὤξου, καὶ εἰς μὲν τὴν αὐτὴν τελευτῶν θάλατταν, αἱ δʼ ἐμβολαὶ διέχουσιν ἀλλήλων, ὥς φησι Πατροκλῆς, παρασάγγας ὡς ὀγδοήκοντα·
The Jaxartes, however, from beginning to end is different from the Oxus, and although it empties into the same sea, their mouths are distant from each other, as Patrocles says, about eighty parasangs.
τὸν δὲ παρασάγγην τὸν περσικὸν οἱ μὲν ἑξήκοντα σταδίων φασίν, οἱ δὲ τριάκοντα ἢ τετταράκοντα.
As for the Persian parasang, some say it is sixty stadia, others thirty or forty.
ἀναπλεόντων δʼ ἡμῶν τὸν Νεῖλον ἄλλοτʼ ἄλλοις μέτροις χρώμενοι τὰς σχοίνους ὠνόμαζον ἀπὸ πόλεως ἐπὶ πόλιν, ὥστε τὸν αὐτὸν τῶν σχοίνων ἀριθμὸν ἀλλαχοῦ μὲν μείζω παρέχειν πλοῦν ἀλλαχοῦ δὲ βραχύτερον· οὕτως ἐξ ἀρχῆς παραδεδομένον καὶ φυλαττόμενον μέχρι νῦν.
When we were sailing up the Nile, they used different measures at different times and called them "schoeni" from city to city, so that the same number of schoeni yielded a longer voyage in some places and a shorter one in others; thus it has been handed down from the beginning and is preserved until now.
§11.11.6μέχρι μὲν δὴ τῆς Σογδιανῆς πρὸς ἀνίσχοντα ἥλιον ἰόντι ἀπὸ τῆς Ὑρκανίας γνώριμα ὑπῆρξε τὰ ἔθνη καὶ τοῖς Πέρσαις πρότερον τὰ εἴσω τοῦ Ταύρου καὶ τοῖς Μακεδόσι μετὰ ταῦτα καὶ τοῖς Παρθυαίοις.
As far, then, as Sogdiana, to one going towards the rising sun from Hyrcania, the nations inside the Taurus were well known, formerly to the Persians, afterwards to the Macedonians, and then to the Parthians.
τὰ δʼ ἐπέκεινα ἐπʼ εὐθείας ὅτι μὲν Σκυθικά ἐστιν, ἐκ τῆς ὁμοειδείας εἰκάζεται, στρατεῖαι δʼ οὐ γεγόνασιν ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς ἡμῖν γνώριμοι, καθάπερ οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τοὺς βορειοτάτους τῶν νομάδων, ἐφʼ οὓς ἐπεχείρησε μὲν ὁ Ἀλέξανδρος ἄγειν στρατείαν, ὅτε τὸν Βῆσσον μετῄει καὶ τὸν Σπιταμένην, ζωγρίᾳ δʼ ἀναχθέντος τοῦ Βήσσου, τοῦ δὲ Σπιταμένους ὑπὸ τῶν βαρβάρων διαφθαρέντος, ἐπαύσατο τῆς ἐπιχειρήσεως.
But that the regions straight beyond are Scythian is conjectured from the similarity of character, though no expeditions against them are known to us, just as there have been none against the northernmost of the nomads, against whom Alexander indeed attempted to lead an expedition when he was pursuing Bessus and Spitamenes; but when Bessus was captured alive and brought back, and Spitamenes was destroyed by the barbarians, he desisted from the attempt.
οὐχ ὁμολογοῦσι δʼ ὅτι περιέπλευσάν τινες ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰνδικῆς ἐπὶ τὴν Ὑρκανίαν· ὅτι δὲ δυνατόν, Πατροκλῆς εἴρηκε.
They do not agree that anyone has sailed around from India to Hyrcania; but that it is possible, Patrocles has asserted.