§11.11.1τῆς δὲ Βακτρίας μέρη μέν τινα τῇ Ἀρίᾳ παραβέβληται πρὸς ἄρκτον, τὰ πολλὰ δʼ ὑπέρκειται πρὸς ἕω· πολλὴ δʼ ἐστὶ καὶ πάμφορος πλὴν ἐλαίου.
Some parts of Bactria lie adjacent to Aria towards the north, but most of it lies above it towards the east; it is extensive and produces all kinds of crops except the olive.
τοσοῦτον δὲ ἴσχυσαν οἱ ἀποστήσαντες Ἕλληνες αὐτὴν διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν τῆς χώρας ὥστε τῆς τε Ἀριανῆς ἐπεκράτουν καὶ τῶν Ἰνδῶν, ὥς φησιν Ἀπολλόδωρος ὁ Ἀρταμιτηνός, καὶ πλείω ἔθνη κατεστρέψαντο ἢ Ἀλέξανδρος, καὶ μάλιστα Μένανδρος (εἴ γε καὶ τὸν Ὕπανιν διέβη πρὸς ἔω καὶ μέχρι τοῦ Ἰμάου προῆλθε) τὰ μὲν αὐτὸς τὰ δὲ Δημήτριος ὁ Εὐθυδήμου υἱὸς τοῦ Βακτρίων βασιλέως·
The Greeks who caused it to revolt grew so powerful on account of the fertility of the country that they became masters of Ariana and of India, as Apollodorus of Artemita says, and subdued more nations than Alexander—especially Menander (if indeed he even crossed the Hypanis towards the east and advanced as far as the Imaus), some conquests being made by himself and others by Demetrius, the son of Euthydemus the king of the Bactrians.
οὐ μόνον δὲ τὴν Παταληνὴν κατέσχον ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς ἄλλης παραλίας τήν τε Σαραόστου καλουμένην καὶ τὴν Σιγέρδιδος βασιλείαν.
They occupied not only Patalene, but also, of the rest of the coast, both that which is called the kingdom of Saraostus and that of Sigerdis.
καθʼ ὅλου δέ φησιν ἐκεῖνος τῆς συμπάσης Ἀριανῆς πρόσχημα εἶναι τὴν Βακτριανήν· καὶ δὴ καὶ μέχρι Σηρῶν καὶ Φρυνῶν ἐξέτεινον τὴν ἀρχήν.
In short, Apollodorus says that Bactriana is the ornament of Ariana as a whole; and indeed they extended their empire even as far as the Seres and the Phryni.
§11.11.2πόλεις δʼ εἶχον τά τε Βάκτρα ἥνπερ καὶ Ζαριάσπαν καλοῦσιν, ἣν διαρρεῖ ὁμώνυμος ποταμὸς ἐκβάλλων εἰς τὸν Ὦξον, καὶ Ἄδραψα καὶ ἄλλας πλείους· τούτων δʼ ἦν καὶ ἡ Εὐκρατίδεια τοῦ ἄρξαντος ἐπώνυμος.
They had as cities Bactra, which they also call Zariaspa, through which flows a river of the same name emptying into the Oxus, and Adrapsa, and several others; among these was also Eucratideia, named after its ruler.
οἱ δὲ κατασχόντες αὐτὴν Ἕλληνες καὶ εἰς σατραπείας διῃρήκασιν, ὧν τήν τε Ἀσπιώνου καὶ τὴν Ταπυρίαν ἀφῄρηντο Εὐκρατίδην οἱ Παρθυαῖοι.
The Greeks who occupied it also divided it into satrapies, of which the Parthians took away from Eucratides both the satrapy of Aspionus and Tapuria.
ἔσχον δὲ καὶ τὴν Σογδιανὴν ὑπερκειμένην πρὸς ἕω τῆς Βακτριανῆς μεταξὺ τοῦ τε Ὤξου ποταμοῦ, ὃς ὁρίζει τήν τε τῶν Βακτρίων καὶ τὴν τῶν Σογδίων, καὶ τοῦ Ἰαξάρτου· οὗτος δὲ καὶ τοὺς Σογδίους ὁρίζει καὶ τοὺς νομάδας.
They also held Sogdiana, which lies situated above Bactriana towards the east, between the river Oxus, which bounds the land of the Bactrians and that of the Sogdians, and the Jaxartes; and this river bounds both the Sogdians and the nomads.
§11.11.3τὸ μὲν οὖν παλαιὸν οὐ πολὺ διέφερον τοῖς βίοις καὶ τοῖς ἔθεσι τῶν νομάδων οἵ τε Σογδιανοὶ καὶ οἱ Βακτριανοί, μικρὸν δʼ ὅμως ἡμερώτερα ἦν τὰ τῶν Βακτριανῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τούτων οὐ τὰ βέλτιστα λέγουσιν οἱ περὶ Ὀνησίκριτον·
Now in ancient times the Sogdians and the Bactrians did not differ much in their lives and customs from the nomads, though nevertheless those of the Bactrians were slightly more civilized; yet even of these, Onesicritus and his followers do not report the best things.
τοὺς γὰρ ἀπειρηκότας διὰ γῆρας ἢ νόσον ζῶντας παραβάλλεσθαι τρεφομένοις κυσὶν ἐπίτηδες πρὸς τοῦτο, οὓς ἐνταφιαστὰς καλεῖσθαι τῇ πατρῴᾳ γλώττῃ, καὶ ὁρᾶσθαι τὰ μὲν ἔξω τείχους τῆς μητροπόλεως τῶν Βάκτρων καθαρά, τῶν δʼ ἐντὸς τὸ πλέον ὀστέων πλῆρες ἀνθρωπίνων· καταλῦσαι δὲ τὸν νόμον Ἀλέξανδρον.
For they say that those who have become helpless through old age or sickness are thrown alive to dogs kept specially for this purpose, which are called 'undertakers' in their native language; and that while the areas outside the wall of the metropolis of Bactra are clean, most of the parts within are full of human bones; but that Alexander abolished this custom.
τοιαῦτα δέ πως καὶ τὰ περὶ τοὺς Κασπίους ἱστοροῦσι· τοὺς γὰρ γονέας, ἐπειδὰν ὑπὲρ ἑβδομήκοντα ἔτη γεγονότες τυγχάνωσιν, ἐγκλεισθέντας λιμοκτονεῖσθαι.
They relate also similar things about the Caspians: that they lock up and starve to death their parents when they happen to be over seventy years of age.
τοῦτο μὲν οὖν ἀνεκτότερον καὶ τῷ Κείων νόμῳ παραπλήσιον καίπερ ὂν σκυθικόν, πολὺ μέντοι σκυθικώτερον τὸ τῶν Βακτριανῶν.
This, indeed, is more tolerable and similar to the law of the Ceans, although being Scythian, but that of the Bactrians is much more Scythian.
καὶ δὴ διαπορεῖν ἄξιον ἦν, ἡνίκα Ἀλέξανδρος τοιαῦτα κατελάμβανε τἀνταῦθα, τί χρὴ εἰπεῖν τὰ ἐπὶ τῶν πρώτων Περσῶν καὶ τῶν ἔτι πρότερον ἡγεμόνων ὁποῖα εἰκὸς ἦν παρʼ αὐτοῖς νενομίσθαι.
And indeed it was worthy of wonder, when Alexander found such customs there, what one must say about what was likely to have been established as custom among them in the times of the first Persians and of the rulers still earlier.