§1.2.9̔́ατε δὴ πρὸς τὸ παιδευτικὸν εἶδος τοὺς μύθους ἀναφέρων ὁ ποιητὴς ἐφρόντισε πολὺ μέρος τἀληθοῦς, ἐν δʼ ἐτίθει καὶ ψεῦδος, τὸ μὲν ἀποδεχόμενος τῷ δὲ δημαγωγῶν καὶ στρατηγῶν τὰ πλήθη.
Since the poet refers his myths to the educational form, he cared for much of the truth, but inserted falsehood also, accepting the former on his own part, and by the latter leading and commanding the multitudes.
ὡς δʼ ὅτε τις χρυσὸν περιχεύεται ἀργύρῳ ἀνήρ,
οὕτως ἐκεῖνος ταῖς ἀληθέσι περιπετείαις προσεπετίθει μῦθον, ἡδύνων καὶ κοσμῶν τὴν φράσιν, πρὸς δὲ τὸ αὐτὸ τέλος τοῦ ἱστορικοῦ καὶ τοῦ τὰ ὄντα λέγοντος βλέπων.
"As when a man pours gold over silver," so he added myth to true events, sweetening and adorning his style, yet looking to the same end as the historian and the narrator of facts.
οὕτω δὴ τόν τε Ἰλιακὸν πόλεμον γεγονότα παραλαβὼν ἐκόσμησε ταῖς μυθοποιίαις, καὶ τὴν Ὀδυσσέως πλάνην ὡσαύτως· ἐκ μηδενὸς δὲ ἀληθοῦς ἀνάπτειν κενὴν τερατολογίαν οὐχ Ὁμηρικόν.
Thus, taking the Trojan War as an actual event, he adorned it with myth-making, and the wanderings of Odysseus likewise; but to hang an empty monster-story upon nothing true is not Homeric.
προσπίπτει γάρ, ὡς εἰκός, ὡς πιθανώτερον ἂν οὕτω τις ψεύδοιτο, εἰ καταμίσγοι τι καὶ αὐτῶν τῶν ἀληθινῶν· ὅπερ καὶ Πολύβιός φησι περὶ τῆς Ὀδυσσέως πλάνης ἐπιχειρῶν·
For it occurs to one, as is natural, that in this way one might lie more plausibly if one mixes in some of the true things themselves; which is indeed what Polybius says when discussing the wanderings of Odysseus.
τοιοῦτο δʼ ἐστὶ καὶ τό
ἴσκε ψεύδεα πολλὰ λέγων ἐτύμοισιν ὁμοῖα. οὐ γὰρ πάντα ἀλλὰ πολλά, ἐπεὶ οὐδʼ ἂν ἦν ἐτύμοισιν ὁμοῖα.
And of such a kind is also this: "He spoke many falsehoods, making them like unto truths." For he does not say "all" but "many", since otherwise they would not even be like unto truths.
ἔλαβεν οὖν παρὰ τῆς ἱστορίας τὰς ἀρχάς.
He therefore took his starting points from history.
καὶ γὰρ τὸν Αἰόλον δυναστεῦσαί φασι τῶν περὶ τὴν Λιπάραν νήσων καὶ τῶν περὶ τὴν Αἴτνην καὶ Λεοντίνην Κύκλωπας καὶ Λαιστρυγόνας ἀξένους τινάς· διὸ καὶ τὰ περὶ τὸν πορθμὸν ἀπροσπέλαστα εἶναι τοῖς τότε καὶ τὴν Χάρυβδιν καὶ τὸ Σκύλλαιον ὑπὸ λῃστῶν κατέχεσθαι.
For indeed they say that Aeolus ruled over the islands around Lipara, and that around Etna and Leontini were Cyclopes and Laestrygonians, certain inhospitable peoples; wherefore also the regions around the strait were inaccessible to the people of that time, and Charybdis and Scyllaeum were held by pirates.
οὕτω δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους τῶν ὑπὸ Ὁμήρου λεγομένων ἐν ἄλλοις τόποις ἱστοροῦμεν· οὕτω δὲ καὶ τοὺς Κιμμερίους εἰδὼς οἰκοῦντας τὸν Κιμμερικὸν Βόσπορον πρὸς βορρᾶν καὶ ζοφώδη μετήγαγεν οἰκείως εἰς σκοτεινόν τινα τόπον τὸν καθʼ ᾄδην, χρήσιμον ὄντα πρὸς τὴν μυθοποιίαν τὴν ἐν τῇ πλάνῃ.
And in this way we also record the other peoples mentioned by Homer in other places; and in this way, knowing that the Cimmerians inhabited the Cimmerian Bosporus towards the north and the gloomy region, he appropriately transferred them to a dark place near Hades, which was useful for the myth-making in the wanderings.
ὅτι δʼ οἶδεν αὐτούς, οἱ χρονογράφοι δηλοῦσιν ἢ μικρὸν πρὸ αὐτοῦ τὴν τῶν Κιμμερίων ἔφοδον ἢ κατʼ αὐτὸν ἀναγράφοντες.
And that he knew them is shown by the chronographers who record the invasion of the Cimmerians either slightly before his time or during it.
§1.2.10̔ωσαύτως καὶ τοὺς Κόλχους εἰδὼς καὶ τὸν Ἰάσονος πλοῦν τὸν εἰς Αἶαν καὶ τὰ περὶ Κίρκης καὶ Μηδείας μυθευόμενα καὶ ἱστορούμενα περὶ τῆς φαρμακείας καὶ τῆς ἄλλης ὁμοιοτροπίας συγγενείας τε ἔπλασε τῶν οὕτω διῳκισμένων, τῆς μὲν ἐν τῷ μυχῷ τοῦ Πόντου τῆς δʼ ἐν τῇ Ἰταλίᾳ, καὶ ἐξωκεανισμὸν ἀμφοῖν, τάχα καὶ τοῦ Ἰάσονος μέχρι τῆς Ἰταλίας πλανηθέντος· δείκνυται γάρ τινα καὶ περὶ τὰ Κεραύνια ὄρη καὶ περὶ τὸν Ἀδρίαν καὶ ἐν τῷ Ποσειδωνιάτῃ κόλπῳ καὶ ταῖς πρὸ τῆς Τυρρηνίας νήσοις τῆς τῶν Ἀργοναυτῶν πλάνης σημεῖα.
In the same way, knowing both the Colchians and Jason's voyage to Aea, and the mythical stories and historical accounts concerning Circe and Medea regarding their sorcery and other similarity of character and kinship, he created a relation between those who were thus widely separated, placing one in the innermost recess of the Pontus and the other in Italy, and transferred both to the Ocean, perhaps because Jason also wandered as far as Italy; for certain signs of the wanderings of the Argonauts are shown both around the Ceraunian mountains and around the Adriatic, and in the Poseidonian Gulf, and in the islands in front of Tyrrhenia.
προσέδοσαν δέ τι καὶ αἱ Κυάνεαι, ἅσπερ Συμπληγάδας καλοῦσι πέτρας τινές, τραχὺν ποιοῦσαι τὸν διέκπλουν τὸν διὰ τοῦ Βυζαντιακοῦ στόματος· ὥστε παρὰ μὲν τὴν Αἶαν ἡ Αἰαίη, παρὰ δὲ τὰς Συμπληγάδας αἱ Πλαγκταὶ καὶ ὁ διʼ αὐτῶν πλοῦς τοῦ Ἰάσονος πιθανὸς ἐφάνη, παρὰ δὲ τὴν Σκύλλαν καὶ τὴν Χάρυβδιν ὁ διὰ τῶν σκοπέλων πλοῦς.
And the Cyanean rocks, which some call Symplegades, also contributed something, making the passage through the Byzantine mouth rough; so that on the model of Aea, Aeaea appeared plausible, and on the model of the Symplegades, the Planctae and Jason's voyage through them, and on the model of Scylla and Charybdis, the voyage through the cliffs.
ἁπλῶς δʼ οἱ τότε τὸ πέλαγος τὸ Ποντικὸν ὥσπερ ἄλλον τινὰ ὠκεανὸν ὑπελάμβανον, καὶ τοὺς πλέοντας ἐκεῖσε ὁμοίως ἐκτοπίζειν ἐδόκουν ὥσπερ τοὺς ἔξω στηλῶν ἐπὶ πολὺ προϊόντας· καὶ γὰρ μέγιστον τῶν καθʼ ἡμᾶς ἐνομίζετο, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο κατʼ ἐξοχὴν ἰδίως πόντον προσηγόρευον, ὡς ποιητὴν Ὅμηρον.
In short, the people of that time regarded the Pontic sea as another Ocean, and thought that those sailing thither wandered out of the world, just like those who go far beyond the Pillars; for it was considered the largest of the seas known to us, and for this reason they called it specifically and preeminently "the Sea" (Pontus), just as they call Homer "the Poet".
ἴσως οὖν καὶ διὰ τοῦτο μετήνεγκε τὰ ἐκ τοῦ Πόντου πρὸς τὸν ὠκεανὸν ὡς εὐπαράδεκτα διὰ τὴν κατέχουσαν δόξαν.
Perhaps, then, for this reason also he transferred the events from the Pontus to the Ocean, as being easily acceptable because of the prevailing opinion.
οἶμαι δὲ καὶ τῶν Σολύμων τὰ ἄκρα τοῦ Ταύρου τὰ περὶ τὴν Λυκίαν ἕως Πισιδίας κατεχόντων τὰ ὑψηλότατα καὶ τὰς ἀπὸ τῆς μεσημβρίας ὑπερβολὰς ἐπιφανεστάτας παρεχόντων τοῖς ἐντὸς τοῦ Ταύρου καὶ μάλιστα τοῖς περὶ τὸν Πόντον, καθʼ ὁμοιότητά τινα καὶ τούτους ἐξωκεανισθῆναι· φησὶ γὰρ ἐπὶ τοῦ πλέοντος ἐν τῇ σχεδίᾳ
τὸν δʼ ἐξ Αἰθιόπων ἀνιὼν κρείων Ἐνοσίχθων τηλόθεν ἐκ Σολύμων ὀρέων ἴδεν. τάχα δὲ καὶ τοὺς μονομμάτους Κύκλωπας ἐκ τῆς Σκυθικῆς ἱστορίας μετενήνοχε· τοιούτους γάρ τινας τοὺς Ἀριμασπούς φασιν, οὓς ἐν τοῖς Ἀριμασπείοις ἔπεσιν ἐνδέδωκεν Ἀριστέας ὁ Προκοννήσιος.
And I think that the Solymi also, since they occupied the highest peaks of the Taurus around Lycia as far as Pisidia, and provided the most conspicuous projections from the south for those within the Taurus, and especially those around the Pontus, were also transferred to the Ocean according to some similarity; for he says concerning the one sailing on the raft: "But the powerful Earth-shaker, returning from the Ethiopians, saw him from afar from the mountains of the Solymi." And perhaps he also transferred the one-eyed Cyclopes from Scythian history; for they say that the Arimaspians are such, whom Aristeas of Proconnesus introduced in his Arimaspean verses.