§1.2.7Ἀλλʼ οὐδὲ τὰ σύνεγγυς μόνον, ὥσπερ Ἐρατοσθένης εἴρηκε, καὶ τὰ ἐν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν πόρρω πολλὰ λέγει καὶ διʼ ἀκριβείας Ὅμηρος καὶ μᾶλλόν γε τῶν ὕστερον μυθολογεῖται, οὐ πάντα τερατευόμενος, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς ἐπιστήμην ἀλληγορῶν ἢ διασκευάζων ἢ δημαγωγῶν ἄλλα τε καὶ τὰ περὶ τὴν Ὀδυσσέως πλάνην, περὶ ἧς πολλὰ διαμαρτάνει τούς τʼ ἐξηγητὰς φλυάρους ἀποφαίνων καὶ αὐτὸν τὸν ποιητήν· περὶ ὧν ἄξιον εἰπεῖν διὰ πλειόνων.
But Homer speaks not only of nearby things, as Eratosthenes has said, and of those among the Greeks, but he also tells of many of the far-off things and with accuracy, and indeed more so than those of later times. He writes myths, not representing everything as monstrous, but also allegorizing for the sake of knowledge, or rearranging, or winning the people's favor, other things and especially the wanderings of Odysseus, concerning which Eratosthenes errs greatly, declaring both the commentators and the poet himself to be babblers; about which things it is worth speaking at greater length.
§1.2.8καὶ πρῶτον ὅτι τοὺς μύθους ἀπεδέξαντο οὐχ οἱ ποιηταὶ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ αἱ πόλεις πολὺ πρότερον καὶ οἱ νομοθέται τοῦ χρησίμου χάριν, βλέψαντες εἰς τὸ φυσικὸν πάθος τοῦ λογικοῦ ζῴου· φιλειδήμων γὰρ ἅνθρωπος, προοίμιον δὲ τούτου τὸ φιλόμυθον.
And first, that not only poets but also, much earlier, states and lawmakers accepted myths for the sake of utility, having looked to the natural affection of the rational animal; for man is fond of knowledge, and the prelude to this is being fond of myths.
ἐντεῦθεν οὖν ἄρχεται τὰ παιδία ἀκροᾶσθαι καὶ κοινωνεῖν λόγων ἐπὶ πλεῖον.
Hence children begin to listen and to share in discourse more and more.
αἴτιον δʼ, ὅτι καινολογία τίς ἐστιν ὁ μῦθος, οὐ τὰ καθεστηκότα φράζων ἀλλʼ ἕτερα παρὰ ταῦτα· ἡδὺ δὲ τὸ καινὸν καὶ ὃ μὴ πρότερον ἔγνω τις· τοῦτο δʼ αὐτό ἐστι καὶ τὸ ποιοῦν φιλειδήμονα.
And the reason is that myth is a kind of new-telling, not expressing things established but other things besides these; and pleasant is the new and what one has not previously known; and this very thing is also what makes one fond of knowledge.
ὅταν δὲ προσῇ καὶ τὸ θαυμαστὸν καὶ τὸ τερατῶδες, ἐπιτείνει τὴν ἡδονήν, ἥπερ ἐστὶ τοῦ μανθάνειν φίλτρον.
And when the wonderful and the monstrous are also present, it intensifies the pleasure, which is the love-potion of learning.
κατʼ ἀρχὰς μὲν οὖν ἀνάγκη τοιούτοις δελέασι χρῆσθαι, προϊούσης δὲ τῆς ἡλικίας ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν ὄντων μάθησιν ἄγειν, ἤδη τῆς διανοίας ἐρρωμένης καὶ μηκέτι δεομένης κολάκων.
In the beginning, then, it is necessary to use such baits, but as age progresses, to lead them to the learning of facts, the intellect being already strengthened and no longer needing flatterers.
καὶ ἰδιώτης δὲ πᾶς καὶ ἀπαίδευτος τρόπον τινὰ παῖς ἐστι φιλομυθεῖ τε ὡσαύτως· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ ὁ πεπαιδευμένος μετρίως· οὐδὲ γὰρ οὗτος ἰσχύει τῷ λογισμῷ, πρόσεστι δὲ καὶ τὸ ἐκ παιδὸς ἔθος.
And every layman and uneducated person is in a way a child and is likewise fond of myths; and similarly also the moderately educated person; for neither is this one strong in reasoning, and there is also present the habit from childhood.
ἐπεὶ δʼ οὐ μόνον ἡδὺ ἀλλὰ καὶ φοβερὸν τὸ τερατῶδες, ἀμφοτέρων ἐστὶ τῶν εἰδῶν χρεία πρός τε τοὺς παῖδας καὶ τοὺς ἐν ἡλικίᾳ· τοῖς τε γὰρ παισὶ προσφέρομεν τοὺς ἡδεῖς μύθους εἰς προτροπήν, εἰς ἀποτροπὴν δὲ τοὺς φοβερούς· ἥ τε γὰρ Λάμια μῦθός ἐστι καὶ ἡ Γοργὼ καὶ ὁ Ἐφιάλτης καὶ ἡ Μορμολύκη.
And since the monstrous is not only pleasant but also fearful, there is a need for both kinds for children and those of mature age; for to children we offer pleasant myths for encouragement, and fearful ones for deterrence; for Lamia is a myth, and the Gorgon, and Ephialtes, and Mormolyke.
οἵ τε πολλοὶ τῶν τὰς πόλεις οἰκούντων εἰς μὲν προτροπὴν ἄγονται τοῖς ἡδέσι τῶν μύθων, ὅταν ἀκούωσι τῶν ποιητῶν ἀνδραγαθήματα μυθώδη διηγουμένων, οἷον Ἡρακλέους ἄθλους ἢ Θησέως, ἢ τιμὰς παρὰ θεῶν νεμομένας, ἢ νὴ Δία ὁρῶσι γραφὰς ἢ ξόανα ἢ πλάσματα τοιαύτην τινὰ περιπέτειαν ὑποσημαίνοντα μυθώδη· εἰς ἀποτροπὴν δέ, ὅταν κολάσεις παρὰ θεῶν καὶ φόβους καὶ ἀπειλὰς ἢ διὰ λόγων ἢ διὰ τύπων ἀοράτων τινῶν προσδέχωνται, ἢ καὶ πιστεύωσι περιπεσεῖν τινας.
And the many of those who inhabit cities are led to encouragement by the pleasant myths, when they hear poets narrating mythical deeds of valor, such as the labors of Heracles or of Theseus, or honors distributed by gods, or, by Zeus, when they see paintings or wooden images or sculptures indicating some such mythical turn of fortune; and to deterrence, when they receive punishments from the gods and terrors and threats either through words or through certain representations of unseen things, or even believe that some have fallen into them.
οὐ γὰρ ὄχλον γε γυναικῶν καὶ παντὸς χυδαίου πλήθους ἐπαγαγεῖν λόγῳ δυνατὸν φιλοσόφῳ καὶ προσκαλέσασθαι πρὸς εὐσέβειαν καὶ ὁσιότητα καὶ πίστιν, ἀλλὰ δεῖ καὶ διὰ δεισιδαιμονίας· τοῦτο δʼ οὐκ ἄνευ μυθοποιίας καὶ τερατείας.
For it is not possible to lead a crowd of women and the whole vulgar multitude by philosophical discourse and to summon them to piety and holiness and faith, but it is necessary to do so also through superstition; and this is not without myth-making and marvel-mongering.
κεραυνὸς γὰρ καὶ αἰγὶς καὶ τρίαινα καὶ λαμπάδες καὶ δράκοντες καὶ θυρσόλογχα τῶν θεῶν ὅπλα μῦθοι καὶ πᾶσα θεολογία ἀρχαϊκή· ταῦτα δʼ ἀπεδέξαντο οἱ τὰς πολιτείας καταστησάμενοι μορμολύκας τινὰς πρὸς τοὺς νηπιόφρονας.
For thunderbolt and aegis and trident and torches and dragons and thyrsus-lances, the weapons of the gods, are myths, and so is all ancient theology; and these the founders of states accepted as certain bugbears for the simple-minded.
τοιαύτης δὲ τῆς μυθοποιίας οὔσης καὶ καταστρεφούσης εἰς τὸ κοινωνικὸν καὶ τὸ πολιτικὸν τοῦ βίου σχῆμα καὶ τὴν τῶν ὄντων ἱστορίαν, οἱ μὲν ἀρχαῖοι τὴν παιδικὴν ἀγωγὴν ἐφύλαξαν μέχρι τῶν τελείων ἡλικιῶν, καὶ διὰ ποιητικῆς ἱκανῶς σωφρονίζεσθαι πᾶσαν ἡλικίαν ὑπέλαβον· χρόνοις δʼ ὕστερον ἡ τῆς ἱστορίας γραφὴ καὶ ἡ νῦν φιλοσοφία παρελήλυθεν εἰς μέσον.
Since myth-making is of such a character, and since it terminates in the social and political form of life and the inquiry into facts, the ancients maintained children's training up to mature ages, and supposed that every age could be sufficiently disciplined through poetry; but in later times the writing of history and current philosophy have come into the public domain.
αὕτη μὲν οὖν πρὸς ὀλίγους, ἡ δὲ ποιητικὴ δημωφελεστέρα καὶ θέατρα πληροῦν δυναμένη, ἡ δὲ δὴ τοῦ Ὁμήρου ὑπερβαλλόντως· καὶ οἱ πρῶτοι δὲ ἱστορικοὶ καὶ φυσικοὶ μυθογράφοι.
Now this latter is for the few, but poetry is of more general benefit and able to fill theaters, and indeed that of Homer exceedingly so; and indeed the first historians and natural philosophers were myth-writers.