§1.1.19Ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν τὸ πλεονέκτημα πρὸς τὰς πράξεις· ἔχει δέ τινα καὶ θεωρίαν οὐ φαύλην ἡ πραγματεία, τὴν μὲν τεχνικήν τε καὶ μαθηματικὴν καὶ φυσικήν, τὴν δὲ ἐν ἱστορίᾳ καὶ μύθοις κειμένην οὐδὲν οὖσι πρὸς τὰς πράξεις·
But while this advantage is with respect to practical actions, our treatise possesses also a speculation that is not of a mean sort, part of which is scientific, mathematical, and physical, and the other part lies in history and myths, which are of no use for practical actions.
οἷον εἴ τις λέγοι τὰ περὶ τὴν Ὀδυσσέως πλάνην καὶ Μενελάου καὶ Ἰάσονος, εἰς φρόνησιν μὲν οὐδὲν ἂν συλλαμβάνειν δόξειεν, ἣν ὁ πράττων ζητεῖ, πλὴν εἰ καταμίσγοι καὶ τῶν γενομένων ἀναγκαίων τὰ παραδείγματα χρήσιμα· διαγωγὴν δʼ ὅμως πορίζοι ἂν οὐκ ἀνελεύθερον τῷ ἐπιβάλλοντι ἐπὶ τοὺς τόπους τοὺς παρασχόντας τὴν μυθοποιίαν.
For example, if one were to tell of the wanderings of Odysseus, Menelaus, and Jason, he would seem to contribute nothing to the wisdom which the man of action seeks, unless he should mingle with them useful examples from actual facts; yet it would afford a not unliberal pastime to one who applies himself to the places that provided the material for the myths.
καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο ζητοῦσιν οἱ πράττοντες διὰ τὸ ἔνδοξον καὶ τὸ ἡδύ, ἀλλʼ οὐκ ἐπὶ πολύ· μᾶλλον γὰρ σπουδάζουσιν, ὡς εἰκός, περὶ τὰ χρήσιμα.
For this, too, men of action seek for the sake of reputation and pleasure, but not to a great extent; for they are more earnest, as is natural, about what is useful.
διόπερ καὶ τῷ γεωγράφῳ τούτων μᾶλλον ἢ ἐκείνων ἐπιμελητέον.
Therefore, the geographer too must care more for the former than the latter.
ὡς δʼ αὕτως ἔχει καὶ περὶ τῆς ἱστορίας καὶ περὶ τῶν μαθημάτων· καὶ γὰρ τούτων τὸ χρήσιμον ἀεὶ μᾶλλον ληπτέον καὶ τὸ πιστότερον.
And it is the same way also concerning history and mathematics; for of these too, we must always grasp the useful and the more credible.
§1.1.20μάλιστα δὲ δοκεῖ, καθάπερ εἴρηται, γεωμετρίας τε καὶ ἀστρονομίας δεῖν τῇ τοιαύτῃ ὑποθέσει.
But most of all, as has been said, there is need of geometry and astronomy for such an undertaking.
καὶ δεῖ μὲν ὡς ἀληθῶς· σχήματα γὰρ καὶ κλίματα καὶ μεγέθη καὶ τὰ ἄλλα τὰ τούτοις οἰκεῖα οὐχ οἷόν τε λαβεῖν καλῶς ἄνευ τῆς τοιαύτης μεθόδου.
And there is indeed truly need; for figures, climates, sizes, and the other things appropriate to these, it is not possible to grasp properly without such a method.
ἀλλʼ ὥσπερ τὰ περὶ τὴν ἀναμέτρησιν τῆς ὅλης γῆς ἐν ἄλλοις δεικνύουσιν, ἐνταῦθα δὲ ὑποθέσθαι δεῖ καὶ πιστεῦσαι τοῖς ἐκεῖ δειχθεῖσιν ὑποθέσθαι δὲ καὶ σφαιροειδῆ μὲν τὸν κόσμον, σφαιροειδῆ δὲ καὶ τὴν ἐπιφάνειαν τῆς γῆς, ἔτι δὲ τούτων πρότερον τὴν ἐπὶ τὸ μέσον τῶν σωμάτων φοράν.
But, just as they demonstrate the facts concerning the measurement of the whole earth in other works, so here we must assume them and believe what has been demonstrated there; and assume also that the universe is spherical, and that the surface of the earth is also spherical, and, even prior to these, the downward motion of bodies toward the center.
ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἐπεὶ τῆς αἰσθήσεως ἢ τῶν κοινῶν ἐννοιῶν ἐγγύς ἐστιν εἰ ἄρα, ἐπισημηνάμενοι ἐπὶ κεφαλαίῳ μικρά· οἷον ὅτι ἡ γῆ σφαιροειδής, ἐκ μὲν τῆς ἐπὶ τὸ μέσον φορᾶς πόρρωθεν ἡ ὑπόμνησις καὶ τοῦ ἕκαστον σῶμα ἐπὶ τὸ αὑτοῦ ἄρτημα νεύειν, ἐκ δὲ τῶν κατὰ πελάγη καὶ τὸν οὐρανὸν φαινομένων ἐγγύθεν· καὶ γὰρ ἡ αἴσθησις ἐπιμαρτυρεῖν δύναται καὶ ἡ κοινὴ ἔννοια.
Now, since these things are near to sensation or common notions, if at all, let us point out briefly a few things in outline; for instance, that the earth is spherical: the reminder of this comes from afar from the motion toward the center and from the fact that each body inclines toward its own center of gravity, but from nearby, from the phenomena observed at sea and in the sky; for indeed both sensation and common notion can bear witness.
φανερῶς γὰρ ἐπιπροσθεῖ τοῖς πλέουσιν ἡ κυρτότης τῆς θαλάττης, ὥστε μὴ προσβάλλειν τοῖς πόρρω φέγγεσι τοῖς ἐπʼ ἴσον ἐξῃρμένοις τῇ ὄψει.
For clearly the curvature of the sea blocks the view of those who sail, so that they cannot see distant lights that are elevated to the level of their eyes.
ἐξαρθέντα γοῦν πλέον τῆς ὄψεως ἐφάνη, καίτοι πλέον ἀποσχόντα αὐτῆς· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ αὐτὴ μετεωρισθεῖσα εἶδε τὰ κεκρυμμένα πρότερον.
At any rate, if elevated above the eye, they become visible, although they are farther away from it; and likewise, when the eye itself is elevated, it sees things that were previously hidden.
ὅπερ δηλοῖ καὶ ὁ ποιητής· τοιοῦτον γάρ ἐστι καὶ τό
ὀξὺ μάλα προϊδών, μεγάλου ὑπὸ κύματος ἀρθείς.
Which the Poet also shows; for such is also this passage: looking very sharply forward, being lifted up by a great wave.
καὶ τοῖς προσπλέουσι δὲ ἀεὶ καὶ μᾶλλον ἀπογυμνοῦται τὰ πρόσγεια μέρη καὶ τὰ φανέντα ἐν ἀρχαῖς ταπεινὰ ἐξαίρεται μᾶλλον.
And to those who sail toward land, the parts near the shore always reveal themselves more and more, and what at first appeared low is lifted higher.
τῶν τε οὐρανίων ἡ περιφορὰ ἐναργής ἐστι καὶ ἄλλως καὶ ἐκ τῶν γνωμονικῶν· ἐκ δὲ τούτων εὐθὺς ὑποτείνει καὶ ἡ ἔννοια, ὅτι ἐρριζωμένης ἐπʼ ἄπειρον τῆς γῆς οὐκ ἂν ἡ τοιαύτη περιφορὰ συνέβαινε.
And the revolution of the heavenly bodies is manifest, both in other ways and from the shadow-casters; and from these immediately the conception is suggested that if the earth were rooted to infinity, such a revolution would not occur.
καὶ τὰ περὶ τῶν κλιμάτων δὲ ἐν τοῖς περὶ τῶν οἰκήσεων δείκνυται.
And the facts about climates are demonstrated in the treatises on habitations.