§1.1.17καὶ τοῦτο καὶ ἐν μικροῖς μὲν δῆλόν ἐστιν, οἷον ἐν τοῖς κυνηγεσίοις· ἄμεινον γὰρ ἂν θηρεύσειέ τις εἰδὼς τὴν ὕλην ὁποία τις καὶ πόση, καὶ στρατοπεδεῦσαι δὲ καλῶς ἐν χωρίῳ τοῦ εἰδότος ἐστὶ καὶ ἐνεδρεῦσαι καὶ ὁδεῦσαι·
And this is clear also in small matters, as for instance in hunting; for a man would hunt better if he knew what kind of forest it is and how large, and to encamp well in a place, to lay an ambush, and to march, belong to him who knows.
ἀλλʼ ἐν τοῖς μεγάλοις ἐστὶ τηλαυγέστερον, ὅσῳπερ καὶ τὰ ἆθλα μείζω τὰ τῆς ἐμπειρίας καὶ τὰ σφάλματα τὰ ἐκ τῆς ἀπειρίας.
But in great matters it is more conspicuous, insofar as the rewards of experience are greater and the errors resulting from inexperience are also greater.
ὁ μέντοι Ἀγαμέμνονος στόλος τὴν Μυσίαν ὡς τὴν Τρῳάδα πορθῶν ἐπαλινδρόμησεν αἰσχρῶς.
At any rate, Agamemnon's expeditionary force, plundering Mysia as though it were the Troad, retreated disgracefully.
Πέρσαι δὲ καὶ Λίβυες τοὺς πορθμοὺς ὑπονοήσαντες εἶναι τυφλοὺς στενωπούς, ἐγγὺς μὲν ἦλθον κινδύνων μεγάλων, τρόπαια δὲ τῆς ἀγνοίας κατέλιπον, οἱ μὲν τὸν τοῦ Σαλγανέως τάφον πρὸς τῷ εὐρίπῳ τῷ Χαλκιδικῷ τοῦ σφαγέντος ὑπὸ τῶν Περσῶν ὡς καθοδηγήσαντος φαύλως ἀπὸ Μαλιέων ἐπὶ τὸν εὔριπον τὸν στόλον, οἱ δὲ τὸ τοῦ Πελώρου μνῆμα καὶ τούτου διαφθαρέντος κατὰ τὴν ὁμοίαν αἰτίαν·
And the Persians and the Libyans, having suspected that the straits were blind passages, came close to great dangers, and left behind trophies of their ignorance; the former leaving the tomb of Salganeus near the Chalcidic Euripus, who was slain by the Persians on the ground that he had guided the fleet badly from the Malians to the Euripus; and the latter the monument of Pelorus, who was also put to death for a similar reason.
πλήρης τε ναυαγίων ἡ Ἑλλὰς ὑπῆρξε κατὰ τὴν Ξέρξου στρατείαν.
And Greece was full of shipwrecks during the expedition of Xerxes.
καὶ ἡ τῶν Αἰολέων δὲ καὶ ἡ τῶν Ἰώνων ἀποικία πολλὰ τοιαῦτα πταίσματα παραδέδωκεν.
And the colonization of both the Aeolians and the Ionians has handed down many such mishaps.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ κατορθώματα, ὅπου τι κατορθωθῆναι συνέβη παρὰ τὴν ἐμπειρίαν τῶν τόπων· καθάπερ ἐν τοῖς περὶ Θερμοπύλας στενοῖς ὁ Ἐφιάλτης λέγεται δείξας τὴν διὰ τῶν ὀρῶν ἀτραπὸν τοῖς Πέρσαις ὑποχειρίους αὐτοῖς ποιῆσαι τοὺς περὶ Λεωνίδαν καὶ δέξασθαι τοὺς βαρβάρους εἴσω Πυλῶν.
Likewise, there are also successes, where some success happened to be achieved owing to the experience of places; just as in the pass about Thermopylae, Ephialtes is said, by having shown the path through the mountains to the Persians, to have made Leonidas and his men subject to them, and to have admitted the barbarians inside the Gates.
ἐάσας δὲ τὰ παλαιὰ τὴν νῦν Ῥωμαίων στρατείαν ἐπὶ Παρθυαίους ἱκανὸν ἡγοῦμαι τούτων τεκμήριον· ὡς δʼ αὕτως τὴν ἐπὶ Γερμανοὺς καὶ Κελτούς, ἐν ἕλεσι καὶ δρυμοῖς ἀβάτοις ἐρημίαις τε τοπομαχούντων τῶν βαρβάρων καὶ τὰ ἐγγὺς πόρρω ποιούντων τοῖς ἀγνοοῦσι καὶ τὰς ὁδοὺς ἐπικρυπτομένων καὶ τὰς εὐπορίας τροφῆς τε καὶ τῶν ἄλλων.
But leaving aside ancient history, I think that the current expedition of the Romans against the Parthians is a sufficient proof of these; and likewise the expedition against the Germans and the Celts, where the barbarians carried on local warfare in swamps, pathless forests, and wildernesses, making near things seem far to those who were ignorant of them, and concealing the roads and the abundance of food and other supplies.
§1.1.18τὸ μὲν δὴ πλέον, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, πρὸς τοὺς ἡγεμονικοὺς βίους καὶ τὰς χρείας ἐστίν.
The greater part, then, as has been said, is directed toward the lives of rulers and their practical needs.
ἔστι δὲ καὶ τῆς ἠθικῆς φιλοσοφίας καὶ πολιτικῆς τὸ πλέον περὶ τοὺς ἡγεμονικοὺς βίους. σημεῖον δέ·
And the greater part of moral and political philosophy is also concerned with the lives of rulers.
τὰς γὰρ τῶν πολιτειῶν διαφορὰς ἀπὸ τῶν ἡγεμονιῶν διακρίνομεν, ἄλλην μὲν ἡγεμονίαν τιθέντες τὴν μοναρχίαν, ἣν καὶ βασιλείαν καλοῦμεν, ἄλλην δὲ τὴν ἀριστοκρατίαν, τρίτην δὲ τὴν δημοκρατίαν.
And this is a sign: for we distinguish the differences of constitutions by their forms of rule, setting down one rule as monarchy, which we also call kingship, another as aristocracy, and a third as democracy.
τοσαύτας δὲ καὶ τὰς πολιτείας νομίζομεν, ὁμωνύμως καλοῦντες ὡς ἂν ἀπʼ ἐκείνων τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐχούσας τῆς εἰδοποιίας· ἄλλος γὰρ νόμος τὸ τοῦ βασιλέως πρόσταγμα, ἄλλος δὲ τὸ τῶν ἀρίστων καὶ τὸ τοῦ δήμου.
And we consider the constitutions to be just so many, calling them by homonymous names as having the origin of their specific character from those rules; for the command of the king is one law, and that of the nobles and that of the people is another.
τύπος δὲ καὶ σχῆμα πολιτείας ὁ νόμος.
And the law is the type and form of a constitution.
διὰ τοῦτο δὲ καὶ τὸ δίκαιον εἶπόν τινες τὸ τοῦ κρείττονος συμφέρον.
On this account, some have also said that justice is the advantage of the stronger.
εἴπερ οὖν ἡ πολιτικὴ φιλοσοφία περὶ τοὺς ἡγεμόνας τὸ πλέον ἐστίν, ἔστι δὲ καὶ ἡ γεωγραφία περὶ τὰς ἡγεμονικὰς χρείας, ἔχοι ἄν τι πλεονέκτημα καὶ αὕτη παρὰ τοῦτο.
If, therefore, political philosophy is for the most part about rulers, and geography is also about the needs of rulers, then geography also would have some advantage on this account.