§1.1.16̔́οτι δὲ καὶ τὸ ὄφελος μέγα παντὶ τῷ παραλαβόντι τὴν τοιαύτην ἱστορίαν ἔκ τε τῆς παλαιᾶς μνήμης δῆλον καὶ ἐκ τοῦ λόγου.
That there is indeed great benefit to everyone who has acquired such history is clear both from ancient tradition and from reason.
οἱ γοῦν ποιηταὶ φρονιμωτάτους τῶν ἡρώων ἀποφαίνουσι τοὺς ἀποδημήσαντας πολλαχοῦ καὶ πλανηθέντας· ἐν μεγάλῳ γὰρ τίθενται τὸ πολλῶν ἀνθρώπων ἰδεῖν ἄστεα καὶ νόον γνῶναι. καὶ ὁ Νέστωρ σεμνύνεται διότι τοῖς Λαπίθαις ὡμίλησεν, ἐλθὼν μετάπεμπτος
τηλόθεν ἐξ ἀπίης γαίης· καλέσαντο γὰρ αὐτοί. καὶ ὁ Μενέλαος ὡσαύτως
Κύπρον Φοινίκην τε καὶ Αἰγυπτίους ἐπαληθεὶς Αἰθίοπας θʼ ἱκόμην καὶ Σιδονίους καὶ Ἐρεμβοὺς καὶ Λιβύην, ἵνα τʼ ἄρνες ἄφαρ κεραοὶ τελέθουσι,
προσθεὶς καὶ τὸ ἰδίωμα τῆς χώρας
τρὶς γὰρ τίκτει μῆλα τελεσφόρον εἰς ἐνιαυτόν. πάντα γὰρ τὰ τοιαῦτα παρασκευαί τινες εἰς φρόνησιν μεγάλαι τῷ μαθεῖν τῆς χώρας τὴν φύσιν καὶ ζῴων καὶ φυτῶν ἰδέας.
At any rate, the poets represent the wisest of the heroes as those who traveled to many places and wandered; for they regard it as a great thing "to see the cities of many men and to learn their minds." And Nestor prides himself on having associated with the Lapiths, having come as an invited guest "from afar, from a distant land; for they themselves called him." And Menelaus likewise says, "having wandered to Cyprus, Phoenicia, and the Egyptians, I came to the Ethiopians, the Sidonians, the Erembians, and Libya, where lambs quickly become horned," adding also the peculiar feature of the country, "for sheep breed three times in a completed year." For all such things are great preparations for wisdom, by learning the nature of the land and the types of animals and plants.
προσθεῖναι δὲ καὶ τὰ τῆς θαλάττης· ἀμφίβιοι γὰρ τρόπον τινά ἐσμεν καὶ οὐ μᾶλλον χερσαῖοι ἢ θαλάττιοι.
And one should add also the matters of the sea; for we are in a certain way amphibious, and not more terrestrial than marine.
καὶ τὸν Ἡρακλέα εἰκὸς ἀπὸ τῆς πολλῆς ἐμπειρίας τε καὶ ἱστορίας λεχθῆναι
μεγάλων ἐπιίστορα ἔργων. ἔκ τε δὴ τῆς παλαιᾶς μνήμης καὶ ἐκ τοῦ λόγου μαρτυρεῖται τὰ λεχθέντα ἐν ἀρχαῖς ὑφʼ ἡμῶν, διαφερόντως δʼ ἐπάγεσθαι δοκεῖ μοι πρὸς τὰ νῦν ἐκεῖνος ὁ λόγος, διότι τῆς γεωγραφίας τὸ πλέον ἐστὶ πρὸς τὰς χρείας τὰς πολιτικάς.
And it is natural that Heracles, from his wide experience and exploration, was called "a witness of great deeds." So, both from ancient tradition and from reason, what was said by us at the beginning is testified, and it seems to me that that argument is especially brought to bear on present matters, because the greater part of geography is directed toward political needs.
χώρα γὰρ τῶν πράξεων ἐστὶ γῆ καὶ θάλαττα, ἣν οἰκοῦμεν, τῶν μὲν μικρῶν μικρὰ τῶν δὲ μεγάλων μεγάλη, μεγίστη δʼ ἡ σύμπασα, ἥνπερ ἰδίως καλοῦμεν οἰκουμένην, ὥστε τῶν μεγίστων πράξεων αὕτη ἂν εἴη χώρα, μέγιστοι δὲ τῶν στρατηλατῶν, ὅσοι δύνανται γῆς καὶ θαλάττης ἄρχειν, ἔθνη καὶ πόλεις συνάγοντες εἰς μίαν ἐξουσίαν καὶ διοίκησιν πολιτικήν.
For the land and sea which we inhabit are the arena of actions, a small arena for small actions and a large one for large actions, and the largest is the whole, which we specifically call the inhabited world, so that this would be the arena of the greatest actions; and the greatest of commanders are those who can rule over land and sea, bringing nations and cities under one power and political administration.
δῆλον οὖν ὅτι ἡ γεωγραφικὴ πᾶσα ἐπὶ τὰς πράξεις ἀνάγεται τὰς ἡγεμονικάς, διατιθεῖσα ἠπείρους καὶ πελάγη τὰ μὲν ἐντὸς τὰ δὲ ἐκτὸς τῆς συμπάσης οἰκουμένης.
It is clear, therefore, that the whole of geography is referred to imperial actions, describing continents and seas, both those within and those without the entire inhabited world.
πρὸς τούτους δὲ ἡ διάθεσις, οἷς διαφέρει ταῦτα ἔχειν οὕτως ἢ ἑτέρως καὶ γνώριμα εἶναι ἢ μὴ γνώριμα.
And this description is directed toward those to whom it makes a difference whether these things are thus or otherwise, and whether they are known or unknown.
βέλτιον γὰρ ἂν διαχειρίζοιεν ἕκαστα εἰδότες τὴν χώραν ὁπόση τις καὶ πῶς κειμένη τυγχάνει καὶ τίνας διαφορὰς ἴσχουσα τάς τʼ ἐν τῷ περιέχοντι καὶ τὰς ἐν αὐτῇ.
For they would manage each matter better if they knew how large the country is, and how it happens to lie, and what differences it has, both those in the surrounding atmosphere and those within itself.
ἄλλων δὲ κατʼ ἄλλα μέρη δυναστευόντων καὶ ἀπʼ ἄλλης ἑστίας καὶ ἀρχῆς τὰς πράξεις προχειριζομένων καὶ ἐπεκτεινόντων τὸ τῆς ἡγεμονίας μέγεθος, οὐκ ἐπʼ ἴσης δυνατὸν οὔτʼ ἐκείνοις ἅπαντα γνωρίζειν οὔτε τοῖς γεωγραφοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ τὸ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον πολὺ ἐν ἀμφοτέροις καθορᾶται τούτοις.
But since different peoples rule over different parts, and starting their actions from different hearths and empires, extend the size of their hegemony, it is not possible for them or for those who write geography to know all things equally, but the "more and less" is clearly seen in both of these.
μόλις γὰρ τὸ ἐπʼ ἴσης πάντʼ εἶναι φανερὰ συμβαίη τῆς συμπάσης οἰκουμένης ὑπὸ μίαν ἀρχὴν καὶ πολιτείαν ὑπηγμένης· ἀλλʼ οὐδʼ οὕτως, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἐγγυτέρω μᾶλλον ἂν γνωρίζοιτο.
For it would scarcely happen that all things should be equally manifest even if the entire inhabited world were brought under one empire and constitution; and not even so, but the nearer things would be better known.
κἂν προσήκοι ταῦτα διὰ πλειόνων ἐμφανίζειν, ἵνʼ εἴη γνώριμα· ταῦτα γὰρ καὶ τῆς χρείας ἐγγυτέρω ἐστίν.
And it would be appropriate to exhibit these through more detailed accounts, so that they may be known; for these are also closer to the need.
ὥστʼ οὐκ ἂν εἴη θαυμαστὸν οὐδʼ εἰ ἄλλος μὲν Ἰνδοῖς προσήκοι χωρογράφος, ἄλλος δὲ Αἰθίοψιν, ἄλλος δὲ Ἕλλησι καὶ Ῥωμαίοις.
So it would not be wonderful if one chorographer were appropriate for the Indians, another for the Ethiopians, and another for the Greeks and Romans.
τί γὰρ ἂν προσήκοι τῷ παρʼ Ἰνδοῖς γεωγράφῳ καὶ τὰ κατὰ Βοιωτοὺς οὕτω φράζειν ὡς Ὅμηρος
οἵθʼ Ὑρίην ἐνέμοντο καὶ Αὐλίδα πετρήεσσαν Σχοῖνόν τε Σκῶλόν τε;
For what concern would it be to the geographer among the Indians to describe the affairs of the Boeotians in the way Homer does: "and those who dwelt in Hyria and rocky Aulis, and Schoenus and Scolus"?
ἡμῖν δὲ προσήκει, τὰ δὲ παρʼ Ἰνδοῖς οὕτω καὶ τὰ καθʼ ἕκαστα οὐκέτι· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἡ χρεία ἐπάγεται· μέτρον δʼ αὕτη μάλιστα τῆς τοιαύτης ἐμπειρίας.
But to us it is appropriate, while the affairs of the Indians in such detail are no longer so; for the need does not invite us, and this need is the chief measure of such experience.