§1.1.12Ἀλλὰ μὴν ὅτι γε δεῖ πρὸς ταῦτα πολυμαθείας, εἰρήκασι συχνοί.
Moreover, that there is indeed need of wide learning for these things has been stated by many.
εὖ δὲ καὶ Ἵππαρχος ἐν τοῖς πρὸς Ἐρατοσθένην διδάσκει, ὅτι παντὶ καὶ ἰδιώτῃ καὶ τῷ φιλομαθοῦντι τῆς γεωγραφικῆς ἱστορίας προσηκούσης, ἀδύνατον λαβεῖν ἄνευ τῆς τῶν οὐρανίων καὶ τῆς τῶν ἐκλειπτικῶν τηρήσεων ἐπικρίσεως· οἷον Ἀλεξάνδρειαν τὴν πρὸς Αἰγύπτῳ, πότερον ἀρκτικωτέρα Βαβυλῶνος ἢ νοτιωτέρα, λαβεῖν οὐχ οἷόν τε, οὐδʼ ἐφʼ ὁπόσον διάστημα, χωρὶς τῆς διὰ τῶν κλιμάτων ἐπισκέψεως.
And Hipparchus, in his writings against Eratosthenes, well teaches that, since geographical inquiry is appropriate for everyone, both the layman and the scholar, it is impossible to acquire it without a judgment based on the observation of heavenly bodies and of eclipses; for instance, whether Alexandria near Egypt is more northerly or more southerly than Babylon, and by how great a distance, is not possible to determine without an investigation by means of latitudes.
ὁμοίως τὰς πρὸς ἕω παρακεχωρηκυίας ἢ πρὸς δύσιν μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον οὐκ ἂν γνοίη τις ἀκριβῶς πλὴν εἰ διὰ τῶν ἐκλειπτικῶν ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης συγκρίσεων.
Likewise, one could not accurately know places that have shifted more or less to the east or to the west, except by comparisons of solar and lunar eclipses.
§1.1.13οὗτός τε δὴ ταῦτά φησι, καὶ πάντες, ὅσοι τόπων ἰδιότητας λέγειν ἐπιχειροῦσιν, οἰκείως προσάπτονται καὶ τῶν οὐρανίων καὶ γεωμετρίας, σχήματα καὶ μεγέθη καὶ ἀποστήματα καὶ κλίματα δηλοῦντες καὶ θάλπη καὶ ψύχη καὶ ἁπλῶς τὴν τοῦ περιέχοντος φύσιν.
And so he says these things, and all who attempt to describe the distinctive features of places appropriately touch upon both heavenly phenomena and geometry, showing shapes, sizes, distances, latitudes, heat and cold, and simply the nature of the surrounding atmosphere.
ἐπεὶ καὶ οἶκον κατασκευάζων οἰκοδόμος ταῦτα ἂν προορῷτο καὶ πόλιν κτίζων ἀρχιτέκτων, μή τί γε ὅλην ἐπισκοπῶν τὴν οἰκουμένην ἀνήρ· πολὺ γὰρ τούτῳ προσήκει μᾶλλον.
For even a builder constructing a house would foresee these things, and an architect founding a city, not to mention a man surveying the whole inhabited world; for it is much more appropriate to him.
ἐν μὲν γὰρ τοῖς μικροῖς χωρίοις τὸ πρὸς ἄρκτους ἢ πρὸς νότον κεκλίσθαι παραλλαγὴν οὐ πολλὴν ἔχει, ἐν δὲ τῷ παντὶ κύκλῳ τῆς οἰκουμένης πρὸς ἄρκτον μὲν τὸ μέχρι τῶν ὑστάτων ἐστὶ τῆς Σκυθίας ἢ τῆς Κελτικῆς, μέχρι δὲ τῶν ὑστάτων Αἰθιόπων τὰ πρὸς νότον· τοῦτο δὲ παμπόλλην ἔχει διαφοράν.
For in small regions, the inclination to the north or to the south does not make much of a difference, but in the whole circle of the inhabited world, the northern part reaches as far as the outermost parts of Scythia or of Celtica, and the southern part as far as the outermost parts of the Ethiopians; and this makes a very great difference.
ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὸ παρʼ Ἰνδοῖς οἰκεῖν ἢ παρʼ Ἴβηρσιν· ὧν τοὺς μὲν ἑῴους μάλιστα τοὺς δὲ ἑσπερίους, τρόπον δέ τινα καὶ ἀντίποδας ἀλλήλοις ἴσμεν.
Likewise also is dwelling among the Indians or among the Iberians; of whom we know that the former are the furthest east and the latter the furthest west, and in a certain way they are antipodes to each other.
§1.1.14πᾶν δὲ τὸ τοιοῦτον ἐκ τῆς τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἄστρων κινήσεως τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔχον καὶ ἔτι τῆς ἐπὶ τὸ μέσον φορᾶς ἀναβλέπειν ἀναγκάζει πρὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ πρὸς τὰ φαινόμενα παρʼ ἑκάστοις ἡμῶν τῶν οὐρανίων· ἐν δὲ τούτοις ἐξαλλάξεις ὁρῶνται παμμεγέθεις τῶν οἰκήσεων.
All such matters, having their origin in the movement of the sun and the other stars, and furthermore in the motion toward the center, force us to look up to heaven and to the celestial phenomena visible in each of our localities; and in these are seen very great variations of the habitations.
τίς ἂν οὖν διαφορὰς τόπων ἐκτιθέμενος καλῶς καὶ ἱκανῶς διδάσκοι, μὴ φροντίσας τούτων μηδενὸς μηδʼ ἐπὶ μικρόν;
Who, then, in setting forth the differences of places, could teach well and sufficiently, without having cared for any of these things even in the slightest?
καὶ γὰρ εἰ μὴ δυνατὸν κατὰ τὴν ὑπόθεσιν τὴν τοιαύτην ἅπαντα ἀκριβοῦν διὰ τὸ εἶναι πολιτικωτέραν, τό γε ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον, ἐφʼ ὅσον καὶ τῷ πολιτικῷ παρακολουθεῖν δυνατόν, προσήκοι ἂν εἰκότως.
For even if it is not possible to be precise about everything in such a hypothesis because of its being more practical, yet at least to such an extent as is possible for the practical man to follow, it would reasonably be appropriate.
§1.1.15̔ο δʼ οὕτω μετεωρίσας ἤδη τὴν διάνοιαν οὐδὲ τῆς ὅλης ἀπέχεται γῆς· φαίνεται γὰρ γελοῖον, εἰ τὴν οἰκουμένην γλιχόμενος σαφῶς ἐξειπεῖν τῶν μὲν οὐρανίων ἐτόλμησεν ἅψασθαι καὶ χρήσασθαι πρὸς τὴν διδασκαλίαν, τὴν δʼ ὅλην γῆν, ἧς μέρος ἡ οἰκουμένη, μήθʼ ὁπόση μήθʼ ὁποία τις μήθʼ ὅπου κειμένη τοῦ σύμπαντος κόσμου, μηδὲν ἐφρόντισε, μηδʼ εἰ καθʼ ἓν μέρος οἰκεῖται μόνον τὸ καθʼ ἡμᾶς ἢ κατὰ πλείω καὶ πόσα· ὡς δʼ αὕτως καὶ τὸ ἀοίκητον αὐτῆς πόσον καὶ ποῖόν τι καὶ διὰ τί.
And he who has thus raised his mind on high does not hold aloof from the earth as a whole; for it seems ridiculous if, while desiring to describe the inhabited world clearly, he dared to touch upon the heavenly bodies and use them for his instruction, but of the whole earth, of which the inhabited world is a part, he took no thought, neither how large it is, nor of what sort, nor where it lies in the universe as a whole, nor whether it is inhabited in only one part—the one belonging to us—or in more parts, and how many; and likewise, how large the uninhabitable part is, and of what sort, and for what reason.
ἔοικεν οὖν μετεωρολογικῇ τινι πραγματείᾳ καὶ γεωμετρικῇ συνῆφθαι τὸ τῆς γεωγραφίας εἶδος τὰ ἐπίγεια τοῖς οὐρανίοις συνάπτον εἰς ἕν, ὡς ἐγγυτάτω ὄντα ἀλλὰ μὴ διεστῶτα τοσοῦτον
ὅσον οὐρανός ἐστʼ ἀπὸ γαίης. φέρε δὴ τῇ τοσαύτῃ πολυμαθείᾳ προσθῶμεν τὴν ἐπίγειον ἱστορίαν, οἷον ζῴων καὶ φυτῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων, ὅσα χρήσιμα ἢ δύσχρηστα φέρει γῆ τε καὶ θάλασσα· οἶμαι γὰρ ἐναργὲς ἂν γενέσθαι μᾶλλον ὃ λέγω.
It seems, therefore, that the science of geography is connected with meteorological and geometrical study, joining earthly things with the heavenly ones into one, as they are very close indeed, and not separated by so much as "heaven is from the earth." Come now, let us add to such wide learning the history of the earth, such as that of animals and plants, and of the other things, as many as are useful or troublesome, which the land and the sea produce; for I think what I am saying would become clearer.