§2#1Τὸ δὲ πρῶτον κινοῦν, μὴ ὡς τὸ οὗ ἕνεκεν, ἀλλʼ ὅθεν ἡ ἀρχὴ τῆς κινήσεως, ἐστὶν ἅμα τῷ κινουμένῳ.
The first mover—not as that for the sake of which, but as that from which the source of motion comes—is together with that which is moved.
ἅμα δὲ λέγω, διότι οὐθὲν αὐτῶν μεταξύ ἐστιν· τοῦτο γὰρ κοινὸν ἐπὶ παντὸς κινουμένου καὶ κινοῦντός ἐστιν.
And I say "together" because there is nothing between them; for this is common to every moved thing and mover.
ἐπεὶ δὲ τρεῖς εἰσὶν κινήσεις, ἥ τε κατὰ τόπον καὶ κατὰ τὸ ποιὸν καὶ κατὰ τὸ ποσόν, ἀνάγκη καὶ τὰ κινούμενα τρία· ἡ μὲν οὖν κατὰ τόπον φορά, ἡ δὲ κατὰ τὸ ποιὸν ἀλλοίωσις, ἡ δὲ κατὰ τὸ ποσὸν αὔξησις καὶ φθίσις.
Since there are three motions—that in respect of place, that in respect of quality, and that in respect of quantity—it is necessary that the things moved are also three: that in respect of place is locomotion, that in respect of quality is alteration, and that in respect of quantity is increase and decrease.
πρῶτον μὲν οὖν ὑπὲρ τῆς φορᾶς εἴπωμεν· αὕτη γὰρ πρώτη τῶν κινήσεών ἐστιν.
First, then, let us speak about locomotion; for this is the first of motions.
Ἅπαν δὴ τὸ φερόμενον ἤτοι αὐτὸ ὑφʼ αὐτοῦ κινεῖται ἢ ὑφʼ ἑτέρου.
Now, everything that is in locomotion is moved either by itself or by another.
εἰ μὲν οὖν ὑφʼ αὐτοῦ, φανερὸν ὡς ἐν αὐτῷ τοῦ κινοῦντος ὑπάρχοντος ἅμα τὸ κινοῦν καὶ τὸ κινούμενον ἔσται, καὶ οὐθὲν αὐτῶν μεταξύ·
If, then, by itself, it is clear that since the mover is present in it, the mover and the moved will be together, and there is nothing between them.
τὸ δʼ ὐπ᾿ ἄλλου κινούμενον τετραχῶς κινεῖται· αἱ γὰρ ὑφʼ ἑτέρου κινήσεις τέτταρές εἰσιν, ὦσις | ἕλξις ὄχησις δίνησις.
But that which is moved by another is moved in four ways; for the motions caused by another are four: pushing, pulling, carrying, and turning.
καὶ γὰρ τὰς ἄλλας πάσας εἰς ταύτας ἀνάγεσθαι συμβαίνει.
For indeed it happens that all other motions are reduced to these.
τῆς μὲν οὖν ὤσεως τὸ μὲν ἔπωσις τὸ δὲ ἄπωσίς ἐστιν, ἔπωσις μὲν οὖν ἐστιν ὅταν τὸ κινοῦν τοῦ κινουμένου μὴ ἀπολείπηται, ἄπωσις δὲ ὅταν τὸ ἀπωθοῦν ἀπολείπηται.
Now, of pushing, one is pushing-on, and the other is pushing-away. Pushing-on is when the mover does not lag behind the thing moved; pushing-away is when that which pushes away lags behind.
ἡ δὲ ὄχησις ἐν ταῖς τρισὶν ἔσται κινήσεσιν.
And carrying will be in the three motions.
τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὀχούμενον οὐ καθʼ αὐτὸ κινεῖται ἀλλὰ κατὰ συμβεβηκός (τῷ γὰρ | ἐν κινουμένῳ εἶναι ἢ ἐπὶ κινουμένου κινεῖται.
For that which is carried is not moved in virtue of itself but accidentally, for it is moved by being in something that is moved or upon something that is moved.
τὸ δὲ ὀχοῦν κινεῖται ἢ ὠθού|μενον ἢ ἑλκόμενον ἢ δινούμενον.
And that which carries is moved either by being pushed, or pulled, or turned.
φανερὸν οὖν ὅτι ἡ ὄχησις ἐν ταῖς τρισὶν ἔσται κινήσεσιν.
It is clear, then, that carrying will be in the three motions.
ἡ δʼ ἕλξις ὅταν ἤτοι πρὸς αὐτὸ ἢ πρὸς ἕτερον θάττων ᾖ | ἡ κίνησις ἡ τοῦ ἕλκοντος μὴ χωριζομένη τῆς τοῦ ἑλκομένου.
And pulling is when the motion of that which pulls—not being separated from that of that which is pulled—is faster, either towards itself or towards another.
καὶ γὰρ πρὸς αὐτό ἐστιν ἡ ἕλξις καὶ πρὸς ἕτερον.
For indeed pulling is both towards itself and towards another.
καὶ αἱ λοιπαὶ δὲ αὐ|ταὶ τῷ εἴδει εἰς ταῦτα ἀναχθήσονται, οἷον ἡ εἴσπνευσις καὶ ἡ ἔκπνευσις καὶ ἡ πτύσις καὶ ὅσαι τῶν σωμάτων ἢ ἐκκριτικαὶ ἢ ληπτικαίεἰσι, καὶ | ἡ σπάθησις δὴ καὶ ἡ κέρκισις· τὸ μὲν γὰρ αὐτῶν σύγκρισις τὸ δὲ διάκρι|σις.
And the remaining motions, being the same in species, will be reduced to these, such as inhalation and exhalation, spitting, and whatever bodily movements are excretory or receptive, and indeed packing and combing; for some of them are combination, and others separation.
καὶ πᾶσα δὴ κίνησις ἡ κατὰ τόπον σύγκρισις καὶ διάκρισίς ἐστιν.
And indeed every motion in respect of place is combination and separation.
ἡ | δὲ δίνησις σύγκειται ἐξ ἕλξεως καὶ ὤσεως. τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὠθεῖ τὸ κινοῦν, τὸ | δʼ ἕλκει.
And turning is composed of pulling and pushing; for the mover pushes on one side and pulls on the other.
φανερὸν οὖν ὡς ἐπεὶ ἅμα τὸ ὠθοῦν καὶ τὸ ἕλκον τῷ ἑλκομένῳ | καὶ ὠθουμένῳ ἐστίν, οὐθὲν μεταξὺ τοῦ κινουμένου καὶ τοῦ κινοῦντός ἐστιν.
It is clear, then, that since that which pushes and that which pulls are together with that which is pulled and that which is pushed, there is nothing between that which is moved and that which moves.
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τοῦτο δὲ δῆλον καὶ ἐκ τῶν ὡρισμένων· ἡ μὲν γὰρ ὦσις ἢ ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ ἢ ἀπʼ ἄλλου πρὸς ἄλλο κίνησις, ἡ δʼ ἕλξις ἀπʼ ἄλλου πρὸς αὐτὸ ἢ πρὸς ἄλλο.
And this is also clear from the definitions: for pushing is motion either from oneself or from another to another, and pulling is from another to oneself or to another.
ἔτι ἡ σύνωσις καὶ ἡ δίωσις.
Furthermore, there are crowding-together and pushing-apart.
ἡ δὲ ῥῖψις ὅταν θάττων ἡ κίνησις γένηται τῆς κατὰ φύσιν τοῦ φερομένου σφοδροτέρας γενομένης τῆς ὤσεως, | καὶ μέχρι τούτου συμβαίνει φέρεσθαι μέχρι ἂν οὗ σφοδροτέρα ᾖ ἡ κίνησις τοῦ φερομένου·
And throwing is when the motion becomes faster than the natural motion of that which is carried, because the pushing has become more violent, and it happens to be carried up to the point where the motion of that which is carried remains more violent.
φανερὸν δὴ ὅτι τὸ κινούμενον καὶ τὸ κινοῦν ἅμα, καὶ οὐθὲν | αὐτῶν ἐστιν μεταξύ.
It is clear, then, that the moved and the mover are together, and there is nothing between them.