§A.23_col1## τὸ ἀγαθόν. τὸ ἀγαθὸν εἰς τέτταρα γένη διαιρεῖται· ὧν ἓν μὲν λέγομεν εἶναι τὸν τὴν ἀρετὴν ἔχοντα ἰδίᾳ ἀγαθόν· ἄλλο δὲ αὐτὴν τὴν ἀρετὴν καὶ τὴν δικαιοσύνην λέγομεν ἀγαθὸν εἶναι· τρίτον δέ, οἷον σιτία καὶ γυμνάσια τὰ πρόσφορα καὶ φάρμακα· τέταρτον δέ φαμεν εἶναι ἀγαθόν, οἷον αὐλητικὴν καὶ ὑποκριτικὴν καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα.
The Good.The good is divided into four genera: of which we say one is the person who has virtue, being individually good; another we say is virtue itself and justice, being good; a third is, for example, appropriate food, exercise, and medicine; and a fourth we say is good, such as flute-playing, acting, and suchlike.
ἀγαθοῦ ἄρα τέτταρα εἴδη ἐστί· τὸ μὲν τὸ τὴν ἀρετὴν ἔχειν, ἕτερον δὲ αὐτὴ ἡ ἀρετή, τρίτον δὲ σιτία καὶ γυμνάσια τὰ ὠφέλιμα· τέταρτον δὲ αὐλητικὴν καὶ ὑποκριτικὴν καὶ ποιητικὴν ἀγαθὸν λέγομεν εἶναι. §A.36_col2## τὸ ἀγαθόν. διαιρεῖται τὸ ἀγαθὸν εἰς τέσσαρα· ἔστι γὰρ αὐτοῦ ἓν μὲν ἀρετὴ καὶ δικαιοσύνη, ἓν δὲ τὸ ἔχων ἀρετήν, ἓν δὲ τὸ συμφέρον, ἓν δὲ τὸ τερπνὸν καὶ τὸ ἥδεσθαι ποιοῦν·
Therefore, there are four kinds of the good: one is having virtue, another is virtue itself, a third is beneficial food and exercise, and a fourth is flute-playing, acting, and poetry, which we say are good. The Good.The good is divided into four: for of it, one is virtue and justice, one is that which has virtue, one is the beneficial, and one is the pleasant and that which produces pleasure.
οἷον ἀρετὴ μὲν καὶ δικαιοσύνη, ὅτι τούτων ἑκάτερον ἀγαθὸν λέγεται εἶναι, ἓν δὲ τὸ ἔχον ἀρετὴν, οἷον ἵππος καὶ ἄνθρωπος καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα· καὶ γὰρ τούτων ἕκαστον λέγεται ἀγαθὸν εἶναι, ἐὰν ἔχῃ τὴν ἀρετήν.
For example, virtue and justice are so, because each of these is said to be good; and that which has virtue is, for example, a horse, a human, and suchlike, for each of these too is said to be good if it has virtue.
τὸ δὲ συμφέρον, οἷον γυμνασία καὶ φαρμακεία καὶ τἆλλα ὅσα πρὸς ὑγείαν καὶ εὐεξίαν· καὶ γὰρ τούτων ἕκαστον λέγεται ἀγαθὸν εἶναι ᾧ ἂν συμφέρῃ.
The beneficial is, for example, physical training, medical treatment, and all other things directed toward health and fitness; for each of these too is said to be good for whomever it benefits.
τὸ δὲ τερπνὸν καὶ τὸ ἥδεσθαι ποιοῦν, οἷον ὑποκριτὴς καὶ αὐλητὴς, οὐ τῷ ὠφελεῖν ἀγαθὸν εἶναι λέγεται ἀλλὰ τῷ τέρπειν [τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ εἶναι. ] §A.24_col1## τὰ ὄντα. τῶν ὄντων τὰ μέν ἐστι κακά, τὰ δὲ ἀγαθά, τὰ δὲ οὐδέτερα.
The pleasant and that which produces pleasure is, for example, an actor and a flute-player, which are said to be good not by benefiting but by pleasing. Existing Things.Of existing things, some are bad, some are good, and some are neither.
τούτων κακὰ μὲν ταῦτα λέγομεν, τὰ δυνάμενα βλάπτειν ἀεί, οἷον ἀκρασίαν καὶ ἀφροσύνην καὶ ἀδικίαν καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα· τὰ δὲ τούτοῖς ἐναντία ἀγαθά ἐστιν· τὰ δὲ ἐνίοτε μὲν ὠφελεῖν, ἐνίοτε δὲ βλάπτειν, οἷον τὸ περιπατεῖν καὶ τὸ καθῆσθαι καὶ τὸ ἐσθίειν, 〈ἢ〉 ὅλως μήτε ὠφελῆσαι μήτε βλάψαι δυνάμενα, ταῦτα οὖν οὔτε ἀγαθὰ οὔτε κακά ἐστιν.
Of these, we call bad those things which are always able to harm, such as lack of self-control, folly, injustice, and suchlike; and the opposites of these are good; while those which sometimes benefit and sometimes harm, such as walking, sitting, and eating, or those which are entirely unable either to benefit or to harm, these then are neither good nor bad.
τῶν ἄρα ὄντων τὰ μὲν ἀγαθά, τὰ δὲ κακά, τὰ δὲ οὐδέτερα τούτων. §A.55_col2## τὰ ὄντα. διαιρεῖται ἕκαστον τῶν ὄντων εἰς τρία. ἔστι γὰρ ἢ ἀγαθὸν ἢ κακὸν ἢ οὐδέτερον.
Therefore, of existing things, some are good, some are bad, and some are neither of these. Existing Things.Each of existing things is divided into three: for it is either good, bad, or neither.
τὸ μὲν οὖν ἀγαθόν ἐστιν, ὅταν ὠφελήσῃ τινὰ καὶ οὐ βλάψῃ, τὸ δὲ κακόν, ὅταν βλάπτῃ ἀεί, τὸ δὲ οὐδέτερον, ὅπερ ποτὲ μὲν βλάψει ποτὲ δὲ ὠφελήσει, οἷον οἱ περίπατοι καὶ οἱ ὕπνοι καὶ οἱ ἑλλέβοροι καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα, ἢ οὔτε βλάψει ὅλως οὔτε ὠφελήσει. §A.25_col1## ἠ εὐνομία. εὐνομία διαιρεῖται εἰς τρία· ἓν μέν, ἐὰν ὦσιν οἱ νόμοι σπουδαῖοι, εὐνομίαν φαμὲν εἶναι· ἕτερον δέ, ἐὰν τοῖς κειμένοις νόμοις ἐμμένωσιν οἱ πολῖται, καὶ τοῦτό φαμεν εὐνομίαν εἶναι· τρίτον δέ, ἐὰν μὴ ὄντων [τῶν] νόμων κατὰ ἔθη καὶ ἐπιτηδεύματα χρηστῶς πολιτεύωνται, καὶ τοῦτο εὐνομίαν προσαγορεύομεν.
Now, the good is when it benefits someone and does not harm; the bad is when it harms always; and the neither is that which will sometimes harm and sometimes benefit, such as walks, sleep, hellebore, and suchlike, or will neither harm nor benefit at all. Good Order.Good order is divided into three: for one, if the laws are excellent, we say it is good order; another, if the citizens abide by the established laws, we say this too is good order; and third, if when there are no laws they conduct their public affairs well according to customs and practices, we call this too good order.
τῆς εὐνομίας ἄρα ἓν μέν ἐστ ινόμους σπουδαίους εἶναι· ἄλλο δέ, ἐὰν τοῖς οὖσι νόμοις ἐμμένωσιν· τρίτον δέ, ἐὰν ἔθεσι καὶ ἐπιτηδεύμασι χρηστοῖς πολιτεύωνται. §A.14_col2## ἠ εὐνομία. διαιρεῖται ἡ εὐνομία εἰς τρία· ἔστι γὰρ αὐτῆς ἓν μὲν νόμοις σπουδαίοις χρῆσθαι, ἓν δὲ τοῖς ὑπάρχουσιν, ἂν ὦσι μὴ φαῦλοι, [μὴ] πείθεσθαι, ἓν δὲ τοῖς ἔθεσι τοῖς σπουδαίοις πολιτεύεσθαι, ἐὰν μὴ ὦσι νόμοι γεγραμμένοι. §A.26_col1## ἡ ἀνομία. διαιρεῖται ἡ ἀνομία εἰς τρία· ὧν ἓν μέν ἐστιν, ἐὰν ὦσιν οἱ νόμοι μοχθηροὶ καὶ πρὸς ξένους καὶ πρὸς πολίτας· | ἕτερον δέ, ἐὰν τοῖς ὑπάρχουσι μὴ πείθωνται· ἄλλο δέ, ἐὰν ὅλως μηδεὶς ᾖ νόμος.
Therefore, of good order, one is that the laws are excellent; another, if they abide by the existing laws; and third, if they conduct their public affairs according to excellent customs and practices. Good Order.Good order is divided into three: for of it, one is to make use of excellent laws, another is to obey the existing laws if they are not bad, and another is to conduct public affairs according to excellent customs if there are no written laws. Lawlessness.Lawlessness is divided into three: of which one is if the laws are bad both toward foreigners and toward citizens; | another is if they do not obey the existing laws; and another is if there is no law at all.
τῆς ἄρα ἀνομίας ἓν μέν ἐστι τὸ μοχθηροὺς εἶναι τοὺς νόμους· ἄλλο δέ, ἐὰν τοῖς οὖσι μὴ πείθωνται· τρίτον δέ, ἐὰν μηδεὶς ᾖ νόμος.
Therefore, of lawlessness, one is that the laws are bad; another, if they do not obey the existing ones; and third, if there is no law.