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Aristotle · On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias §Georg.5.1-Georg.5.4

Gorgias' Three Theses and the Proof That Nothing Exists

Passage 9 of 11 · Greek

Summary

The text introduces Gorgias' famous three theses (nothing exists, it is unknowable, it is incommunicable) and explains the logical procedure of proving the first thesis by synthesizing and refuting the opposing ontological arguments of others.

§Georg.5.1Οὐκ εἶναί φησιν οὐδέν· εἰ δʼ ἔστιν, ἄγνωστον εἶναι· εἰ δὲ καὶ ἔστι καὶ γνωστόν, ἀλλʼ οὐ δηλωτὸν ἄλλοις.
He says that nothing exists; and if it exists, it is unknowable; and if it both exists and is knowable, yet it cannot be shown to others.
Καὶ ὅτι μὲν οὐκ ἔστι, συνθεὶς τὰ ἑτέροις εἰρημένα, ὅσοι περὶ τῶν ὄντων λέγοντες τἀναντία, ὡς δοκοῦσιν, ἀποφαίνονται αὐτοῖς, οἱ μὲν ὅτι ἓν καὶ οὐ πολλά, οἱ δὲ αὗ ὅτι πολλὰ καὶ οὐχ ἕν, καὶ οἱ μὲν ὅτι ἀγένητα, οἱ δʼ ὡς γενόμενα ἐπιδεικνύντες ταῦτα, συλλογίζεται κατʼ ἀμφοτέρων.
And as for the fact that nothing exists, having synthesized what has been said by others—all those who, speaking about existents, declare opposites, as they seem, to themselves: some that it is one and not many, others again that it is many and not one, and some demonstrating these to be ungenerated, others as generated—he reasons against both.
§Georg.5.2Ἀνάγκη γάρ, φησίν, εἴ τί ἐστι, μήτε ἓν μήτε πολλὰ εἶναι, μήτε ἀγέννητα μήτε γενόμενα, οὐδὲν ἂν εἴη.
For, he says, if anything exists, it must be neither one nor many, neither ungenerated nor generated, so that nothing would exist.
Εἰ γὰρ μὴ εἴη τι, τούτων ἂν θάτερα εἴη.
For if there were something, it would be either of these.
Ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν οὔτε ἓν οὔτε πολλά, οὔτε ἀγέννητα οὔτε γενόμενα, τὰ μὲν ὡς Μέλισσος, τὰ δὲ ὡς Ζήνων ἐπιχειρεῖ δεικνύειν μετὰ τὴν πρώτην ἴδιον αὐτοῦ ἀπόδειξιν, ἐν ᾖ λέγει ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν οὔτε εἶναι οὔτε μὴ εἶναι.
That it is neither one nor many, nor ungenerated nor generated, he attempts to show, partly in the manner of Melissus and partly in the manner of Zeno, after his own first proper proof, in which he says that there is neither being nor non-being.
§Georg.5.3Εἰ μὲν γὰρ τὸ μὴ εἶναι ἔστι μὴ εἶναι, οὐδὲν ἂν ἧττον, τὸ μὴ ὂν τοῦ ὄντος εἴη.
For if not-being is not-being, the non-existent would exist no less than the existent.
Τό τε γὰρ μὴ ὄν ἐστι μὴ ὅν, καὶ τὸ ὂν ὄν, ὥστε οὐδὲν μᾶλλον ἢ εἶναι ἢ οὐκ εἶναι τὰ πράγματα.
For the non-existent is non-existent, and the existent is existent, so that things no more are than are not.
§Georg.5.4Εἰ δʼ ὅμως τὸ μὴ εἶναί ἐστι, τὸ εἶναι, φησίν, οὐκ ἔστι τὸ ἀντικείμενον.
But if, nevertheless, not-being is, being, he says, is not its opposite.
Εἰ γὰρ τὸ μὴ εἶναί ἐστι, τὸ εἶναι [ἢ] μὴ εἶναι προσήκει.
For if not-being is, then to being belongs not-being.
Ὥστε οὐκ ἂν οὕτως, φησίν, οὐδὲν ἂν εἴη, εἰ μὴ ταὐτόν έστιν εἶναί τε καὶ μὴ εἶναι, Εἰ δὲ ταὐτό, καὶ οὕτως οὐκ ἂν εἴη οὐδέν·
So that in this way, he says, nothing would exist, unless being and not-being are the same thing.
τό τε γὰρ μὴ ὄν οὐκ ἔστι καὶ τὸ ὅν, ἐπείπερ ταὐτὸ τῷ μὴ ὄντι.
And if they are the same, in this way too nothing would exist; for the non-existent is not, and the existent is not either, since it is the same as the non-existent.
Οὗτος μὲν οὖν ὁ αὐτὸς λόγος ἐκείνου.
This, then, is that same argument of his.

Notes

  1. Georg.5.1ἀλλʼ οὐ δηλωτὸν — The conjunction ἀλλά expresses a strong contrast or limitation against the preceding conditional clause ('even if it both exists and is knowable'), meaning 'yet (nevertheless) it cannot be shown to others.' The copula εἶναι is omitted after δηλωτόν.
  2. Georg.5.1συνθεὶς τὰ ἑτέροις εἰρημένα — The participle συνθείς (aorist active participle of συντίθημι) expresses means, interpreted as 'by synthesizing what has been said by others.' The relative pronoun ὅσοι introduces an appositive clause explaining the actual content of ἑτέροις.
  3. Georg.5.2Εἰ γὰρ μὴ εἴη τι — The negative μὴ in the manuscript text is logically redundant; many editors delete it or interpret the clause as 'for if there were something' (εἰ γὰρ εἴη τι). Alternatively, it could be understood as a double negation ('if indeed something were not-not-existing'). This translation aligns with the logical flow of the argument, interpreting it as 'for if something exists'.
  4. Georg.5.2οὐδὲν ἂν εἴη — The optative εἴη with the particle ἄν forms the apodosis of a mixed conditional sentence with the protasis εἴ τί ἐστι, indicating a counterfactual or potential consequence ('nothing would exist'). This phrasing is used to soften the necessary conclusion logically derived from the premise, or to present it as a logical possibility.
  5. Georg.5.3τοῦ ὄντος — τοῦ ὄντος is a genitive of comparison associated with the comparative ἧττον, meaning 'not in any way less than the existent,' i.e., 'it would exist no less than the existent.'
  6. Georg.5.4προσήκει — The impersonal verb προσήκει ('it is fitting/belongs') takes an accusative and infinitive construction (with τὸ εἶναι as the subject/accusative subject and μὴ εἶναι as the infinitive), expressing the logical consequence: 'to being belongs not-being.' The bracketed insertion [ἢ] in some editions would interpret 'being belongs to [either being or] not-being.'

Cite this passage

Aristotle, On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias §Georg.5.1-Georg.5.4. Humanitext Reader, https://reader.humanitext.ai/en/text/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0086.tlg047.humanitext-grc1:Georg.5.1-Georg.5.4

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