§4.6#1Ἔτι εἰ ὅλως τὸ ἀποδοθὲν μηδενός ἐστι γένος· δῆλον γὰρ ὡς οὐδὲ τοῦ λεχθέντος.
Furthermore, if the assigned genus is not a genus of anything at all; for it is clear that neither is it the genus of the thing mentioned.
Σκοπεῖν δ᾿ ἐκ τοῦ μηδὲν διαφέρειν εἴδει τὰ μετέχοντα τοῦ ἀποδοθέντος γένους, οἷον τὰ λευκά· οὐδὲν γὰρ διαφέρει τῷ εἴδει ταῦτ᾿ ἀλλήλων.
And one must examine this from the fact that those things which participate in the assigned genus do not differ in species, as, for example, white things; for these do not differ from one another in species.
Παντὸς δὲ γένους ἐστὶ τὰ εἴδη διάφορα, ὥστ᾿ οὐκ ἂν εἴη τὸ λευκὸν γένος οὐδενός.
But the species of every genus are different, so that "white" would not be the genus of anything.
Πάλιν εἰ τὸ πᾶσιν ἀκολουθοῦν γένος ἢ διαφορὰν εἶπεν.
Again, if one has stated that which accompanies everything as a genus or a difference.
Πλείω γὰρ τὰ πᾶσιν ἑπόμενα, οἷον τὸ ὂν καὶ τὸ ἓν τῶν πᾶσιν ἑπομένων ἐστίν.
For the things that follow everything are more than one, as, for example, "being" and "one" are among those things that follow everything.
Εἰ οὖν τὸ ὂν γένος ἀπέδωκε, δῆλον ὅτι πάντων ἂν εἴη γένος, ἐπειδὴ κατηγορεῖται αὐτῶν· κατ᾿ οὐδενὸς γὰρ τὸ γένος ἀλλ᾿ ἢ κατὰ τῶν εἰδῶν κατηγορεῖται.
If, then, one rendered "being" as a genus, it is clear that it would be the genus of everything, since it is predicated of them; for the genus is predicated of nothing other than its species.
Ὥστε καὶ τὸ ἓν εἶδος ἂν εἴη τοῦ ὄντος. Συμβαίνει οὖν κατὰ πάντων, ὧν τὸ γένος κατηγορεῖται, καὶ τὸ εἶδος κατηγορεῖσθαι, ἐπειδὴ τὸ ὂν καὶ τὸ ἓν κατὰ πάντων ἁπλῶς κατηγορεῖται, δέον ἐπ᾿ ἔλαττον τὸ εἶδος κατηγορεῖσθαι.
So that "one" too would be a species of "being." So it happens that the species is predicated of all those things of which the genus is predicated, since "being" and "one" are predicated of absolutely everything, whereas the species ought to be predicated of fewer things.
Εἰ δὲ τὸ πᾶσιν ἑπόμενον διαφορὰν εἶπε, δῆλον ὅτι ἐπ᾿ ἴσον ἢ ἐπὶ πλέον ἡ διαφορὰ τοῦ γένους ῥηθήσεται.
And if one stated that which follows everything as a difference, it is clear that the difference will be said of an equal or a greater extent than the genus.
Εἰ μὲν γὰρ καὶ τὸ γένος τῶν πᾶσιν ἑτομένων, ἐπ᾿ ἴσον, εἰ δὲ μὴ πᾶσιν ἕπεται τὸ γένος, ἐπὶ πλέον ἡ διαφορὰ λέγοιτ᾿ ἂν αὐτοῦ.
For if the genus also belongs to the things that follow everything, it will be equal; but if the genus does not follow everything, the difference would be said of a greater extent than it.
Ἔτι εἰ ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ τῷ εἴδει τὸ ἀποδοθὲν γένος λέγεται, καθάπερ τὸ λευκὸν ἐπὶ τῆς χιόνος, ὥστε δῆλον ὅτι οὐκ ἂν εἴη γένος· καθ᾿ ὑποκειμένου γὰρ τοῦ εἴδους μόνον τὸ γένος λέγεται.
Furthermore, if the assigned genus is said to be in the species as in a subject, as "white" in the case of snow; so that it is clear that it would not be a genus; for the genus is said only of the species as of a subject.
Σκοπεῖν δὲ καὶ εἰ μὴ συνώνυμον τὸ γένος τῷ εἴδει· κατὰ πάντων γὰρ τῶν εἰδῶν συνωνύμως τὸ γένος κατηγορεῖται.
And one must also see if the genus is not synonymous with the species; for the genus is predicated synonymously of all its species.
Ἔτι ὅταν ὄντος καὶ τῷ εἴδει καὶ τῷ γένει ἐναντίου τὸ βέλτιον τῶν ἐναντίων εἰς τὸ χεῖρον γένος θῇ· συμβήσεται γὰρ τὸ λοιπὸν ἐν τῷ λοιπῷ εἶναι, ἐπειδὴ τἀναντία ἐν τοῖς ἐναντίοις γένεσιν, ὥστε τὸ βέλτιον ἐν τῷ χείρονι ἔσται καὶ τὸ χεῖρον ἐν τῷ βελτίονι· δοκεῖ δὲ τοῦ βελτίονος καὶ τὸ γένος βέλτιον εἶναι.
Furthermore, when there is a contrary both to the species and to the genus, if one places the better of the contraries into the worse genus; for it will happen that the remaining one is in the remaining genus, since contraries are in contrary genera, so that the better will be in the worse and the worse in the better; but the genus of the better is also thought to be better.
Καὶ εἰ τοῦ αὐτοῦ εἴδους ὁμοίως πρὸς ἄμφω ἔχοντος εἰς τὸ χεῖρον καὶ μὴ εἰς τὸ βέλτιον γένος ἔθηκεν, οἷον τὴν ψυχὴν ὅπερ κίνησιν ἢ κινούμενον.
And if, when the same species is related similarly to both, one has placed it into the worse and not into the better genus, as, for example, making the soul either a movement or that which is moved.
Ὁμοίως γὰρ ἡ αὐτὴ στατικὴ καὶ κινητικὴ δοκεῖ εἶναι, ὥστ᾿ εἰ βέλτιον ἡ στάσις, εἰς τοῦτο ἔδει τὸ γένος θεῖναι.
For the same soul seems to be similarly stationary and mobile, so that if rest is better, one ought to have placed the genus in this.
Ἔτι ἐκ τοῦ μᾶλλον καὶ ἧττον, ἀνασκευάζοντι μέν, εἰ τὸ γένος δέχεται τὸ μᾶλλον, τὸ δ᾿ εἶδος μὴ δέχεται μήτ᾿ αὐτὸ μήτε τὸ κατ᾿ ἐκεῖνο λεγόμενον.
Furthermore, from "more" and "less"—for one who is refuting—if the genus admits of "more," but the species does not admit of it, neither itself nor that which is called according to it.
Οἷον εἰ ἡ ἀρετὴ δέχεται τὸ μᾶλλον, καὶ ἡ δικαιοσύνη καὶ ὁ δίκαιος· λέγεται γὰρ δικαιότερος ἕτερος ἑτέρου.
As, for example, if virtue admits of "more," so also do justice and the just man; for one is said to be more just than another.
Εἰ οὖν τὸ μὲν ἀποδοθὲν γένος τὸ μᾶλλον δέχεται, τὸ δ᾿ εἶδος μὴ δέχεται μήτ᾿ αὐτὸ μήτε τὸ κατ᾿ ἐκεῖνο λεγόμενον, οὐκ ἂν εἴη γένος τὸ ἀποδοθέν.
If, then, the assigned genus admits of "more," but the species does not admit of it, neither itself nor that which is called according to it, the assigned thing would not be a genus.
Πάλιν εἰ τὸ μᾶλλον δοκοῦν ἢ ὁμοίως μή ἐστι γένος, δῆλον ὅτι οὐδὲ τὸ ἀποδοθέν.
Again, if that which seems more or similarly to be a genus is not a genus, it is clear that neither is the assigned thing.
Χρήσιμος δ᾿ ὁ τόπος ἐπὶ τῶν τοιούτων μάλιστα ἐφ᾿ ὧν πλείω φαίνεται τοῦ εἴδους ἐν τῷ τί ἐστι κατηγορούμενα, καὶ μὴ διώρισται, μηδ᾿ ἔχομεν εἰπεῖν ποῖον αὐτῶν γένος, οἷον τῆς ὀργῆς καὶ ἡ λύπη καὶ ἡ ὑπόληψις ὀλιγωρίας ἐν τῷ τί ἐστι κατηγορεῖσθαι δοκεῖ· λυπεῖταί τε γὰρ ὁ ὀργιζόμενος καὶ ὑπολαμβάνει ὀλιγωρεῖσθαι.
And this topic is useful especially in those cases where several things appear to be predicated of the species in its "what it is," and they have not been distinguished, nor can we say which of them is the genus; as, for example, in the case of anger, both pain and the belief of being slighted seem to be predicated in its "what it is"; for the angry person both feels pain and believes himself to be slighted.
Ἡ αὐτὴ δὲ σκέψις καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ εἴδους πρὸς ἄλλο τι συγκρίνοντι· εἰ γὰρ τὸ μᾶλλον ἢ τὸ ὁμοίως δοκοῦν εἶναι ἐν τῷ ἀποδοθέντι γένει μή ἐστιν ἐν τῷ γένει, δῆλον ὅτι οὐδὲ τὸ ἀποδοθὲν εἶδος εἴη ἂν ἐν τῷ γένει.
And the same examination applies also to the species in comparing it to something else; for if that which seems more or similarly to be in the assigned genus is not in the genus, it is clear that neither would the assigned species be in the genus.