§2.12.1τὰ δὲ ἤθη ποῖοί τινες κατὰ τὰ πάθη καὶ τὰς ἕξεις καὶ τὰς ἡλικίας καὶ τὰς τύχας, διέλθωμεν μετὰ ταῦτα.
Let us next discuss what characters are like with respect to emotions, habits, ages, and fortunes.
§2.12.2λέγω δὲ πάθη μὲν ὀργὴν ἐπιθυμίαν καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα περὶ ὧν εἰρήκαμεν, ἕξεις δὲ ἀρετὰς καὶ κακίας, εἴρηται δὲ περὶ τούτων πρότερον, καὶ ποῖα προαιροῦνται ἕκαστοι, καὶ ποίων πρακτικοί ἡλικίαι δέ εἰσι νεότης καὶ ἀκμὴ καὶ γῆρας.
By emotions I mean anger, desire, and suchlike things of which we have spoken, and by habits, virtues and vices; but concerning these, and what kind of things each class chooses and is practiced in, has been spoken of before; and ages are youth, prime of life, and old age.
τύχην δὲ λέγω εὐγένειαν καὶ πλοῦτον καὶ δυνάμεις καὶ τἀναντία τούτοις καὶ ὅλως εὐτυχίαν καὶ δυστυχίαν.
By fortune I mean noble birth, wealth, powers, and their opposites, and in general, good fortune and bad fortune.
§2.12.3οἱ μὲν οὖν νέοι τὰ ἤθη εἰσὶν ἐπιθυμητικοί, καὶ οἷοι ποιεῖν ὧν ἂν ἐπιθυμήσωσι.
Now, the young are in their characters prone to desire, and such as to do whatever they desire.
καὶ τῶν περὶ τὸ σῶμα ἐπιθυμιῶν μάλιστα ἀκολουθητικοί εἰσι τῇ περὶ τὰ ἀφροδίσια καὶ ἀκρατεῖς ταύτης,
And of the bodily desires, they are especially followers of that concerning sex, and are incontinent in this.
§2.12.4εὐμετάβολοι δὲ καὶ ἁψίκοροι πρὸς τὰς ἐπιθυμίας, καὶ σφόδρα μὲν ἐπιθυμοῦσι ταχέως δὲ παύονται (ὀξεῖαι γὰρ αἱ βουλήσεις καὶ οὐ μεγάλαι, ὥσπερ αἱ τῶν καμνόντων δίψαι καὶ πεῖναι),
And they are changeable and fickle in their desires, and though they desire passionately, they quickly cease (for their impulses are sharp but not great, like the hunger and thirst of the sick).
§2.12.5καὶ θυμικοὶ καὶ ὀξύθυμοι καὶ οἷοι ἀκολουθεῖν τῇ ὀργῇ.
And they are passionate and hot-tempered, and such as to follow their anger.
καὶ ἥττους εἰσὶ τοῦ θυμοῦ· διὰ γὰρ φιλοτιμίαν οὐκ ἀνέχονται ὀλιγωρούμενοι, ἀλλʼ ἀγανακτοῦσιν ἂν οἴωνται ἀδικεῖσθαι.
And they are defeated by their anger; for through love of honor they cannot bear to be slighted, but are indignant if they think they are wronged.
§2.12.6καὶ φιλότιμοι μέν εἰσιν, μᾶλλον δὲ φιλόνικοι (ὑπεροχῆς γὰρ ἐπιθυμεῖ ἡ νεότης, ἡ δὲ νίκη ὑπεροχή τις), καὶ ἄμφω ταῦτα μᾶλλον ἢ φιλοχρήματοι (φιλοχρήματοι δὲ ἥκιστα διὰ τὸ μήπω ἐνδείας πεπειρᾶσθαι, ὥσπερ τὸ Πιττακοῦ ἔχει ἀπόφθεγμα εἰς Ἀμφιάραον),
And they love honor, but even more they love victory (for youth desires superiority, and victory is a certain superiority), and they love both of these more than money (and they love money least of all because they have not yet experienced want, as the saying of Pittacus concerning Amphiaraus has it).
§2.12.7καὶ οὐ κακοήθεις ἀλλʼ εὐήθεις διὰ τὸ μήπω τεθεωρηκέναι πολλὰς πονηρίας, καὶ εὔπιστοι διὰ τὸ μήπω πολλὰ ἐξηπατῆσθαι,
And they are not malicious but good-natured, because they have not yet witnessed much wickedness, and they are trustful, because they have not yet been often deceived.
§2.12.8καὶ εὐέλπιδες· ὥσπερ γὰρ οἱ οἰνωμένοι, οὕτω διάθερμοί εἰσιν οἱ νέοι ὑπὸ τῆς φύσεως· ἅμα δὲ καὶ διὰ τὸ μὴ πολλὰ ἀποτετυχηκέναι.
And they are hopeful; for like those who are drunk with wine, so are the young heated by nature; and at the same time also because they have not failed many times.
καὶ ζῶσι τὰ πλεῖστα ἐλπίδι· ἡ μὲν γὰρ ἐλπὶς τοῦ μέλλοντός ἐστιν ἡ δὲ μνήμη τοῦ παροιχομένου, τοῖς δὲ νέοις τὸ μὲν μέλλον πολὺ τὸ δὲ παρεληλυθὸς βραχύ· τῇ γὰρ πρώτῃ ἡμέρᾳ μεμνῆσθαι μὲν οὐδὲν οἷόν τε, ἐλπίζειν δὲ πάντα.
And they live for the most part by hope; for hope is of the future, while memory is of the past, and for the young the future is long and the past is short (for on the first day, it is possible to remember nothing, but to hope for everything).
καὶ εὐεξαπάτητοί εἰσι διὰ τὸ εἰρημένον (ἑλπίζουσι γὰρ ῥᾳδίως),
And they are easily deceived for the reason mentioned (for they hope easily).
§2.12.9καὶ ἀνδρειότεροι (θυμώδεις γὰρ καὶ εὐέλπιδες, ὧν τὸ μὲν μὴ φοβεῖσθαι τὸ δὲ θαρρεῖν ποιεῖ· οὔτε γὰρ ὀργιζόμενος οὐδεὶς φοβεῖται, τό τε ἐλπίζειν ἀγαθόν τι θαρραλέον ἐστίν),
And they are more courageous (for they are passionate and hopeful, of which the former makes them not fear, and the latter makes them confident; for no one who is angry is afraid, and to hope for some good is confident).
§2.12.10καὶ αἰσχυντηλοί (οὐ γάρ πω καλὰ ἕτερα ὑπολαμβάνουσιν, ἀλλὰ πεπαίδευνται ὑπὸ τοῦ νόμου μόνον),
And they are bashful (for they do not yet conceive of other beautiful things, but have been educated only by law).
§2.12.11καὶ μεγαλόψυχοι (οὐ γὰρ ὑπὸ τοῦ βίου πω τεταπείνωνται, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἄπειροί εἰσιν, καὶ τὸ ἀξιοῦν αὑτὸν μεγάλων μεγαλοψυχία· τοῦτο δʼ εὐέλπιδος).
And they are great-souled (for they have not yet been worn down by life, but are inexperienced in necessary things, and to think oneself worthy of great things is greatness of soul; and this belongs to a hopeful person).
§2.12.12καὶ μᾶλλον αἱροῦνται πράττειν τὰ καλὰ τῶν συμφερόντων· τῷ γὰρ ἤθει ζῶσι μᾶλλον ἢ τῷ λογισμῷ, ἔστι δὲ ὁ μὲν λογισμὸς τοῦ συμφέροντος ἡ δὲ ἀρετὴ τοῦ καλοῦ.
And they choose to perform beautiful deeds rather than useful ones; for they live more by character than by reasoning, and reasoning is of the useful, while virtue is of the beautiful.
§2.12.13καὶ φιλόφιλοι καὶ φιλέταιροι μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων ἡλικιῶν διὰ τὸ χαίρειν τῷ συζῆν καὶ μήπω πρὸς τὸ συμφέρον κρίνειν μηδέν, ὥστε μηδὲ τοὺς φίλους.
And they are fond of friends and associates more than the other ages, because they delight in living together and do not yet judge anything by utility, and so not even their friends.
§2.12.14καὶ ἅπαντα ἐπὶ τὸ μᾶλλον καὶ σφοδρότερον ἁμαρτάνουσι, παρὰ τὸ Χιλώνειον (πάντα γὰρ ἄγαν πράττουσιν· φιλοῦσι γὰρ ἄγαν καὶ μισοῦσιν ἄγαν καὶ τἆλλα πάντα ὁμοίως), καὶ εἰδέναι ἅπαντα οἴονται καὶ διισχυρίζονται (τοῦτο γὰρ αἴτιόν ἐστιν καὶ τοῦ πάντα ἄγαν),
And they err in everything on the side of "too much" and "too violently", contrary to the maxim of Chilon (for they do all things in excess: they love in excess and hate in excess, and all other things likewise), and they think they know everything and insist upon it (for this is also the cause of their doing everything in excess).
§2.12.15καὶ τὰ ἀδικήματα ἀδικοῦσιν εἰς ὕβριν, οὐ κακουργίαν.
And the wrongs they commit are because of insolence, not of malice.
καὶ ἐλεητικοὶ διὰ τὸ πάντας χρηστοὺς καὶ βελτίους ὑπολαμβάνειν (τῇ γὰρ αὑτῶν ἀκακίᾳ τοὺς πέλας μετροῦσιν, ὥστε ἀνάξια πάσχειν ὑπολαμβάνουσιν αὐτούς),
And they are compassionate, because they assume all men to be good and better than they are (for they measure their neighbors by their own lack of malice, so that they assume they suffer undeservedly).
§2.12.16καὶ φιλογέλωτες, διὸ καὶ φιλευτράπελοι· ἡ γὰρ εὐτραπελία πεπαιδευμένη ὕβρις ἐστίν.
And they are fond of laughter, wherefore they are also witty; for wit is educated insolence.