§2.13.1τὸ μὲν οὖν τῶν νέων τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν ἦθος, οἱ δὲ πρεσβύτεροι καὶ παρηκμακότες σχεδὸν ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων τούτοις τὰ πλεῖστα ἔχουσιν ἤθη·
The character of the young, then, is of this kind; whereas the older men and those who are past their prime have, for the most part, characters composed of almost the opposites of these.
διὰ γὰρ τὸ πολλὰ ἔτη βεβιωκέναι καὶ πλείω ἐξηπατῆσθαι καὶ ἐξημαρτηκέναι, καὶ τὰ πλείω φαῦλα εἶναι τῶν πραγμάτων, οὔτε διαβεβαιοῦνται οὐδέν, ἧττόν τε ἄγανται πάντα ἢ δεῖ.
For because of having lived many years, and having been more often deceived and made mistakes, and because most affairs are bad, they assert nothing with certainty, and they admire everything less than they ought.
§2.13.2καὶ οἴονται, ἴσασι δʼ οὐδέν, καὶ ἀμφιδοξοῦντες προστιθέασιν ἀεὶ τὸ ἴσως καὶ τάχα, καὶ πάντα λέγουσιν οὕτως, παγίως δʼ οὐδέν.
And they think, but know nothing, and in their hesitation they always add "perhaps" and "maybe", and speak of all things in this way, but of nothing firmly.
§2.13.3καὶ κακοήθεις εἰσίν· ἔστι γὰρ κακοήθεια τὸ ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον ὑπολαμβάνειν πάντα.
And they are malicious; for malice consists in assuming everything for the worse.
ἔτι δὲ καχύποπτοί εἰσι διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν, ἄπιστοι δὲ διʼ ἐμπειρίαν.
Further, they are suspicious because of their distrust, and they are distrustful because of experience.
§2.13.4καὶ οὔτε φιλοῦσιν σφόδρα οὔτε μισοῦσι διὰ ταῦτα, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὴν Βίαντος ὑποθήκην καὶ φιλοῦσιν ὡς μισήσοντες καὶ μισοῦσιν ὡς φιλήσοντες.
And they neither love intensely nor hate because of these things, but according to the maxim of Bias, they both love as if they were going to hate, and hate as if they were going to love.
§2.13.5καὶ μικρόψυχοι διὰ τὸ τεταπεινῶσθαι ὑπὸ τοῦ βίου· οὐδενὸς γὰρ μεγάλου οὐδὲ περιττοῦ ἀλλὰ τῶν πρὸς τὸν βίον ἐπιθυμοῦσι.
And they are small-souled, because they have been worn down by life; for they desire nothing great or extraordinary, but only the things necessary for life.
§2.13.6καὶ ἀνελεύθεροι· ἓν γάρ τι τῶν ἀναγκαίων ἡ οὐσία, ἅμα δὲ καὶ διὰ τὴν ἐμπειρίαν ἴσασιν ὡς χαλεπὸν τὸ κτήσασθαι καὶ ῥᾴδιον τὸ ἀποβαλεῖν.
And they are illiberal; for property is one of the necessaries, and at the same time, because of experience, they know how difficult it is to acquire and how easy to lose.
§2.13.7καὶ δειλοὶ καὶ πάντα προφοβητικοί· ἐναντίως γὰρ διάκεινται τοῖς νέοις· κατεψυγμένοι γάρ εἰσιν, οἱ δὲ θερμοί, ὥστε προωδοπεποίηκε τὸ γῆρας τῇ δειλίᾳ· καὶ γὰρ ὁ φόβος κατάψυξίς τίς ἐστιν.
And they are cowardly and suspicious of everything beforehand; for they are in an opposite state to the young, being cold, whereas the young are hot, so that old age has paved the way for cowardice; for fear is a kind of chilling.
§2.13.8καὶ φιλόζωοι, καὶ μᾶλλον ἐπὶ τῇ τελευταίᾳ ἡμέρᾳ διὰ τὸ τοῦ ἀπόντος εἶναι τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν, καὶ οὗ ἐνδεεῖς, τούτου μάλιστα ἐπιθυμεῖν.
And they are fond of life, and especially on their last day, because desire is for that which is absent, and men desire most of all that of which they are in want.
§2.13.9καὶ φίλαυτοι μᾶλλον ἢ δεῖ· μικροψυχία γάρ τις καὶ αὕτη.
And they are more selfish than they ought to be; for this also is a kind of small-souledness.
καὶ πρὸς τὸ συμφέρον ζῶσιν, ἀλλʼ οὐ πρὸς τὸ καλόν, μᾶλλον ἢ δεῖ, διὰ τὸ φίλαυτοι εἶναι· τὸ μὲν γὰρ συμφέρον αὐτῷ ἀγαθόν ἐστι, τὸ δὲ καλὸν ἁπλῶς.
And they live for the useful, but not for the beautiful, more than they ought, because they are selfish; for the useful is good for oneself, whereas the beautiful is good absolutely.
§2.13.10καὶ ἀναίσχυντοι μᾶλλον ἢ αἰσχυντηλοί· διὰ γὰρ τὸ μὴ φροντίζειν ὁμοίως τοῦ καλοῦ καὶ τοῦ συμφέροντος ὀλιγωροῦσι τοῦ δοκεῖν.
And they are shameless rather than bashful; for because they do not care equally for the beautiful and the useful, they neglect what people think of them.
§2.13.11καὶ δυσέλπιδες διὰ τὴν ἐμπειρίαν (τὰ γὰρ πλείω τῶν γιγνομένων φαῦλά ἐστιν· ἀποβαίνει γὰρ τὰ πολλὰ ἐπὶ τὸ χεῖρον), καὶ ἔτι διὰ τὴν δειλίαν.
And they are hopeless because of experience (for most of the things that happen are bad; for most things turn out for the worse), and further, because of cowardice.
§2.13.12καὶ ζῶσι τῇ μνήμῃ μᾶλλον ἢ τῇ ἐλπίδι· τοῦ γὰρ βίου τὸ μὲν λοιπὸν ὀλίγον τὸ δὲ παρεληλυθὸς πολύ, ἔστι δὲ ἡ μὲν ἐλπὶς τοῦ μέλλοντος ἡ δὲ μνήμη τῶν παροιχομένων·
And they live by memory rather than by hope; for what remains of life is short, and what has passed is long, and hope is of the future, while memory is of things past.
ὅπερ αἴτιον καὶ τῆς ἀδολεσχίας αὐτοῖς· διατελοῦσι γὰρ τὰ γενόμενα λέγοντες· ἀναμιμνησκόμενοι γὰρ ἥδονται.
This is also the cause of their loquacity; for they continue talking of what has happened; for they take pleasure in remembering.
§2.13.13καὶ οἱ θυμοὶ ὀξεῖς μὲν ἀσθενεῖς δέ εἰσιν, καὶ αἱ ἐπιθυμίαι αἱ μὲν ἐκλελοίπασιν αἱ δὲ ἀσθενεῖς εἰσιν, ὥστε οὔτʼ ἐπιθυμητικοὶ οὔτε πρακτικοὶ κατὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸ κέρδος· διὸ σωφρονικοὶ φαίνονται οἱ τηλικοῦτοι· αἵ τε γὰρ ἐπιθυμίαι ἀνείκασι καὶ δουλεύουσι τῷ κέρδει.
And their angers are sharp but weak, and of their desires, some have failed and others are weak, so that they are neither desiring nor active according to their desires, but according to gain; wherefore those of this age appear self-controlled; for their desires have relaxed, and they are slaves to gain.
§2.13.14καὶ μᾶλλον ζῶσι κατὰ λογισμὸν ἢ κατὰ τὸ ἦθος· ὁ μὲν γὰρ λογισμὸς τοῦ συμφέροντος τὸ δʼ ἦθος τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐστιν.
And they live more by reasoning than by character; for reasoning is of the useful, while character is of virtue.
καὶ τἀδικήματα ἀδικοῦσιν εἰς κακουργίαν, οὐκ εἰς ὕβριν.
And the wrongs they commit are because of malice, not of insolence.
§2.13.15ἐλεητικοὶ δὲ καὶ οἱ γέροντές εἰσιν, ἀλλʼ οὐ διὰ ταὐτὰ τοῖς νέοις· οἱ μὲν γὰρ διὰ φιλανθρωπίαν, οἱ δὲ διʼ ἀσθένειαν· πάντα γὰρ οἴονται ἐγγὺς εἶναι αὑτοῖς παθεῖν, τοῦτο δʼ ἦν ἐλεητικόν·
And the old are also compassionate, but not for the same reasons as the young; for the young are so because of love of mankind, but the old because of weakness; for they think all kinds of suffering are near to themselves, and this was the cause of compassion.
ὅθεν ὀδυρτικοί εἰσι, καὶ οὐκ εὐτράπελοι οὐδὲ φιλογέλοιοι· ἐναντίον γὰρ τὸ ὀδυρτικὸν τῷ φιλογέλωτι.
Whence they are mournful, and neither witty nor fond of laughter; for the mournful disposition is opposite to that which is fond of laughter.
§2.13.16τῶν μὲν οὖν νέων καὶ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων τὰ ἤθη τοιαῦτα, ὥστʼ ἐπεὶ ἀποδέχονται πάντες τοὺς τῷ σφετέρῳ ἤθει λεγομένους λόγους καὶ τοὺς ὁμοίους, οὐκ ἄδηλον πῶς χρώμενοι τοῖς λόγοις τοιοῦτοι φανοῦνται καὶ αὐτοὶ καὶ οἱ λόγοι.
The characters of the young and of the older men, then, are of such a kind; so that since all men welcome speeches spoken in their own character and representing things like themselves, it is not unclear how we must use speeches to make both ourselves and our speeches appear of this character.