§2.11.1πῶς δὲ ἔχοντες ζηλοῦσι καὶ τὰ ποῖα καὶ ἐπὶ τίσιν, ἐνθένδʼ ἐστὶ δῆλον·
In what state of mind people feel emulation, and at what things, and toward whom, is clear from what follows.
εἰ γάρ ἐστιν ζῆλος λύπη τις ἐπὶ φαινομένῃ παρουσίᾳ ἀγαθῶν ἐντίμων καὶ ἐνδεχομένων αὐτῷ λαβεῖν περὶ τοὺς ὁμοίους τῇ φύσει, οὐχ ὅτι ἄλλῳ ἀλλʼ ὅτι οὐχὶ καὶ αὑτῷ ἔστιν (διὸ καὶ ἐπιεικές ἐστιν ὁ ζῆλος καὶ ἐπιεικῶν, τὸ δὲ φθονεῖν φαῦλον καὶ φαύλων· ὁ μὲν γὰρ αὑτὸν παρασκευάζει διὰ τὸν ζῆλον τυγχάνειν τῶν ἀγαθῶν, ὁ δὲ τὸν πλησίον μὴ ἔχειν διὰ τὸν φθόνον), ἀνάγκη δὴ ζηλωτικοὺς μὲν εἶναι τοὺς ἀξιοῦντας αὑτοὺς ἀγαθῶν ὧν μὴ ἔχουσιν, ἐνδεχομένων αὐτοῖς λαβεῖν· οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἀξιοῖ τὰ φαινόμενα ἀδύνατα (διὸ οἱ νέοι καὶ οἱ μεγαλόψυχοι τοιοῦτοι).
For if emulation is a certain pain at the apparent presence of honorable goods which are possible for themselves to obtain, in the case of those who are their equals by nature, not because they belong to someone else, but because they do not also belong to themselves, (wherefore emulation is a noble thing and belongs to noble people, while envying is base and belongs to base people; for the former, through emulation, prepares himself to obtain the goods, while the latter, through envy, tries to prevent his neighbor from having them), it is indeed necessary that those who think themselves worthy of goods which they do not have, but which it is possible for them to obtain, are inclined to emulation; for no one thinks himself worthy of things that appear impossible (wherefore the young and the large-souled are of this kind).
§2.11.2καὶ οἷς ὑπάρχει τοιαῦτα ἀγαθὰ ἃ τῶν ἐντίμων ἄξιά ἐστιν ἀνδρῶν· ἔστι δὲ ταῦτα πλοῦτος καὶ πολυφιλία καὶ ἀρχαὶ καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα· ὡς γὰρ προσῆκον αὐτοῖς ἀγαθοῖς εἶναι, οἷα προσήκει τοῖς ἀγαθῶς ἔχουσι, ζηλοῦσι τὰ τοιαῦτα τῶν ἀγαθῶν.
And those who possess such goods as are worthy of honored men; and these are wealth, abundance of friends, offices, and all such things; for, as if it were fitting for them to be good, since such goods belong to those who are in a good condition, they emulate such goods.
καὶ οὓς οἱ ἄλλοι ἀξιοῦσιν.
And those whom others think worthy of them.
§2.11.3καὶ ὧν πρόγονοι ἢ συγγενεῖς ἢ οἰκεῖοι ἢ τὸ ἔθνος ἢ ἡ πόλις ἔντιμοι, ζηλωτικοὶ περὶ ταῦτα· οἰκεῖα γὰρ οἴονται αὑτοῖς εἶναι, καὶ ἄξιοι εἶναι τούτων.
And those whose ancestors, or relatives, or members of their household, or nation, or city are honored, are emulous about these things; for they think these goods belong to them, and that they are worthy of them.
§2.11.4εἰ δʼ ἐστὶν ζηλωτὰ τὰ ἔντιμα ἀγαθά, ἀνάγκη τάς τε ἀρετὰς εἶναι τοιαύτας, καὶ ὅσα τοῖς ἄλλοις ὠφέλιμα καὶ εὐεργετικά (τιμῶσι γὰρ τοὺς εὐεργετοῦντας καὶ τοὺς ἀγαθούς), καὶ ὅσων ἀγαθῶν ἀπόλαυσις τοῖς πλησίον ἔστιν, οἷον πλοῦτος καὶ κάλλος μᾶλλον ὑγιείας.
And if the honorable goods are the objects of emulation, it is necessary that the virtues are of this kind, and also all those things that are useful and beneficent to others (for they honor benefactors and good men), and all those goods the enjoyment of which belongs to one's neighbors, such as wealth and beauty rather than health.
§2.11.5φανερὸν δὲ καὶ οἱ ζηλωτοὶ τίνες· οἱ γὰρ ταῦτα καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα κεκτημένοι ζηλωτοί· ἔστι δὲ ταῦτα τὰ εἰρημένα, οἷον ἀνδρεία σοφία ἀρχή (οἱ γὰρ ἄρχοντες πολλοὺς δύνανται εὖ ποιεῖν), στρατηγοί, ῥήτορες, πάντες οἱ τὰ τοιαῦτα δυνάμενοι.
It is also clear who those are who are emulated; for those who possess these and such goods are emulated; and these are the aforementioned, such as courage, wisdom, office (for those in office can do good to many), generals, rhetoricians, and all who have such power.
§2.11.6καὶ οἷς πολλοὶ ὅμοιοι βούλονται εἶναι, ἢ πολλοὶ γνώριμοι, ἢ φίλοι πολλοί, ἢ οὓς πολλοὶ θαυμάζουσιν, ἢ οὓς αὐτοὶ θαυμάζουσιν.
And those whom many equals wish to be like, or those who have many acquaintances, or many friends, or whom many admire, or whom they themselves admire.
§2.11.7καὶ ὧν ἔπαινοι καὶ ἐγκώμια λέγονται ἢ ὑπὸ ποιητῶν ἢ ὑπὸ λογογράφων.
And those of whom praises and encomiums are spoken either by poets or by prose-writers.
καταφρονοῦσιν δὲ τῶν ἐναντίων· ἐναντίον γὰρ ζήλῳ καταφρόνησίς ἐστι, καὶ τῷ ζηλοῦν τὸ καταφρονεῖν.
And they look down upon their opposites; for contempt is the opposite of emulation, and looking down is the opposite of emulating.
ἀνάγκη δὲ τοὺς οὕτως ἔχοντας ὥστε ζηλῶσαί τινας ἢ ζηλοῦσθαι καταφρονητικοὺς εἶναι τούτων τε καὶ ἐπὶ τούτοις ὅσοι τὰ ἐναντία κακὰ ἔχουσι τῶν ἀγαθῶν τῶν ζηλωτῶν· διὸ πολλάκις καταφρονοῦσιν τῶν εὐτυχούντων, ὅταν ἄνευ τῶν ἐντίμων ἀγαθῶν ὑπάρχῃ αὐτοῖς ἡ τύχη.
And it is necessary that those who are in such a state as to emulate certain people or to be emulated are contemptuous toward those, and on account of those things, whoever possess the opposite evils to the goods that are emulated; wherefore they often look down upon those who are fortunate, when their good fortune belongs to them without the honorable goods.
διʼ ὧν μὲν οὖν τὰ πάθη ἐγγίγνεται καὶ διαλύεται, ἐξ ὧν αἱ πίστεις γίγνονται περὶ αὐτῶν, εἴρηται.
Through what means, then, the emotions are produced and dissolved, and from what sources the proofs concerning them arise, has been stated.